n n n n n p H Protein

化學特性 n n n n n 酸鹼度p. H 蛋白質Protein 血液Blood 比重Specific gravity 葡萄糖Glucose 酮體Ketones Urobilirubin 胆紅素Bilirubin Nitrite 白血球Leucocyte

蛋白尿 n n There are three basic types of proteinuria: glomerular, tubular, and overflow. Only glomerular proteinuria (ie, albuminuria) is identified on a urine dipstick.

比重 與同體積水的重量. n A convenient but inaccurate surrogate of osmolality. n

血糖 n 高血糖或腎性尿糖 Hyperglycemia or renal glycosuria

Urobilinogen n A colorless pigment produced in the gut from metabolism of bilirubin. Some is excreted in feces and the rest reabsorbed and excreted in the urine. In obstructive jaundice, bilirubin does not reach the bowel and urine excretion of urobilinogen is diminished. In other types of jaundice, urobilinogen is increased.

Nitrite n The screening test for bacteriuria relies on the ability of G(-) bacteria to convert urinary nitrate to nitrite.

白血球 尿液中有過量白血球代表: n 1. 泌尿系統發炎: including: glomerulonephritis, interstitial nephritis, n 2. 泌尿道感染 n 3. 輸尿管旁發炎: such as regional ileitis, acute appendicitis n

Gross hematuria n n Gross hematuria is suspected because of red or brown urine. Hematuria is responsible if the red color is seen only in the urine sediment, with the supernatant being clear.

顯微血尿 n The urine sediment is the gold standard for the detection of microscopic hematuria.

血尿: Glomerular vs. extraglomerular bleeding n 紅血球型態: 腎小球外出血時 紅血型狀正常; 腎小球出血則為 變形紅血球 n Dysmorphic: marked variability in red cell shape and a reduction in mean red cell size

血尿: Glomerular vs. extraglomerular bleeding n Red cell injury in this setting may be due both to mechanical trauma as the cells pass through rents in the glomerular basement membrane and osmotic trauma as the cells flow through the different nephron segments.

血尿: Glomerular vs. extraglomerular bleeding n 血塊(blood clot), if present, are almost indicative of extraglomerular bleeding. Clots are not seen with glomerular lesions

血尿: Glomerular vs. extraglomerular bleeding 腎小球出血的特徵有 n 1. 紅血球圓柱體 (essentially n pathognomonic for glomerular disease), n 2. 蛋白質的排出量超過500 mg/day at a time when there is no gross bleeding,

血尿: Glomerular vs. extraglomerular bleeding n n n 3. 變形紅血球 4. 可樂色尿液 Although helpful if present, the absence of these findings does not exclude glomerular disease.

白血球 尿液中有過量白血球代表: n 1. 泌尿系統發炎: n glomerulonephritis, interstitial nephritis, 2. 泌尿道感染 n 3. 輸尿管旁發炎: regional n ileitis, acute appendicitis

腎小管上皮細胞 n n Size varies in different segments and with urine osmolality. A few tubular cells may be seen in a normal urine, but more commonly imply tubular damage or inflammation.

圓柱體 n 圓柱體是以Tamm-horsfall mucoprotein為基質有明的外 緣 with straight margin with or without cellular components embedded

脂質尿 n n 發生於腎病症候群 Oval fat body: sloughed tubular cells containing fat droplets n 脂肪圓柱體: lipid laden n 脂質小滴Lipid droplet showed tubular cells or free lipid droplet Maltese cross under polarized light

晶體 n n 3 most distinctive crystal forms: Cystine: hexagonal plate resembling benzene ring Calcium oxalate: classically as envelop shapes or bipyramidal magnesium ammonium phosphate: rectangular with beveled ends as coffin-lid