Mr Porter APUSH POWERPOINT CHAPTER 31 THE ROARING

Mr. Porter APUSH POWERPOINT CHAPTER 31 THE ROARING TWENTIES DOMESTIC CHANGES

KEYS TO THE CHAPTER • • • The “Red Scare” Fear of Immigrants Alcohol is Banned Consumer Consumption Economy Tax Policy is changed Assembly Line Production Mass Transportation Entertainment for the masses Increased Urbanization / Economic Speculation

Economic Expansion, 1920– 29 -----A period of Prosperity

• 1919 – 1920 – “Red Scare” in US – 1917 – Bolsheviks took power in Russia – June 1919 – bomb at A. G. Palmer’s home – September 1920 – bomb on Wall St. kills 38 – December 1919 – 249 alien radicals deported – States outlaw advocacy of violence for social change – Palmer arrests 5 K on weak evidence w/o warrants

America fears the change sweeping Europe

• Businessmen used fear of socialism to drive out attempts to unionize • Fear of Anarchists/Socialists spreads – Sacco (shoe-factory worker) and Vanzetti (fish peddler) – 1921 – convicted of murdering a Massachusetts shoe factory paymaster and his guard in 1920 robbery of 15 K • They were Italian, atheists, anarchists, & draft dodgers – August 23, 1927 – both electrocuted

Nicola Sacco & Bartolomeo Vanzetti

• Ku Klux Klan rises in popularity across the nation – Against forces of diversity and modernity of 1920 s – Anti-foreign, anti. Catholic, anti-black, anti -Jewish, anti-pacifist, anti-Communist, antiinternationalist, antievolutionist, , anti-birth control – Pro-Anglo-Saxon, pro“native” American, pro. Protestant

• Immigration began again but most from Southern and Eastern Europe • Emergency Quota Act of 1921 – Temporary measure – Quota of 3% of nationality of those in US in 1910 • Many southern / eastern Europeans were in US by 1910 • Immigration Act of 1924 /Changes America forever – Quotas cut from 3% to 2% and base shifted from 1910 to 1890 to limit S/E immigration • Belief that northern European were superior race – Japanese immigration completely stopped • “Hate America” rallies held in Japan – Canadians and Latin Americans exempted • Brought in for jobs; sent home when jobs scarce

• 1919 – Eighteenth Amendment passed – Volstead Act (1919) – Congress passed to enforce Prohibition – South and West Support but the East opposes it

• Why prohibition failed – Tradition of alcohol in America – Tradition of weak control by central government – Difficult to enforce law which majority opposed – Soldiers argued law passed while they were in Europe – Understaffed and underpaid federal enforcers • Successes of Prohibition – Bank savings increased – Absenteeism in work decreased – Less alcohol consumed overall

Customers Enjoying a Drink at a Speakeasy ------Note fancy clothes but poor surroundings

• Huge profits made in smuggling and selling alcohol led to crime and gangs – Police and judges bribed • Few arrests, fewer convictions • “Scarface” Al Capone (1925 -1931 brutal gang wars) – Leader of Chicago’s alcohol distribution gangs • Gangsters moved into other profitable areas – Prostitution, gambling, narcotics , Extortion – Infiltrated some unions as “organizers

• Improvement in education – More states required students to stay in school longer • Improvement in science and public health Fundamentalists attacked progressive education and science- want “traditional” values and claim that Darwinism destroyed faith in Bible and contributed to loose morals of youth • Tennessee passed law prohibiting teaching of evolution in school - leads to the 1925 Scopes Trial – Fundamentalists looked anti-modern and somewhat foolish and separate from modernists

Fear of Change Ripping Society

The Mass-Consumption Economy Reasons for the growth of the 1920 s – Favorable tax policies – Cheap energy (oil) – Increased capital investment – New industries – Advertising to increase consumption • The Man Nobody Knows (by Bruce Barton) claimed Jesus the greatest advertiser in history – Buying on credit (installment payments) • Prosperity built on debt

Consumer Debt 1920 – 31 Much of it spent on recreation and modern convenience

Automobile Changes America • Inventing the automobile – 1886 - invented by European (Karl Benz) – 1890 s - adapted by Americans (Ford and others) • Henry Ford most responsible for popularizing cars • 1910 s – 1920 s – used assembly-line production and efficiency (Fordism) to standardize cars – Made cheap enough for most workers Frederick W. Taylor (Taylorism) • Father of Scientific Management (time everything)

• The social impact of the auto – Went from luxury to necessity – Badge of freedom, equality, and social standing – Expanded leisure travel – Increased independence of women – Less isolation among sections of US – Less-attractive states lost population – Consolidation of schools and churches – Sprawl of suburbs – Increased accidents and deaths – Increased freedom of youth, frequently for sex – Crime increased because of ability for quick getaway – At first, improved air and environmental quality (from horses)

• December 17, 1903 – Wright Brothers • Airplanes used during World War I • 1920 – first airmail route from NY to San Francisco • Charles Lindbergh – 1927 – made first solo flight across Atlantic Ocean (New York to Paris) – Became first media hero of 20 th century

The Spirit of St. Louis over Paris, 1927 ------Flight took over 33 hours

• 1932 – Lindbergh baby kidnapped – Led to Lindbergh Law • Abduction across interstate: death-penalty offense – Bruno Hauptmann, a German immigrant, executed for the crime in 1934

– Early radio programs were local – By late 1920 s national networks drown out local programs – “commercials” in US financed radio • contrasted with government-owned stations in Europe • Social impact of the radio – Family and neighbors gathered to hear programs – Radio brought the nation together • Same programs, sponsored by the same products • Sports broadcasts, comedies, news, politicians

Gathered Around the Radio

• Invention of movies – 1890 s - Thomas Edison and others build first projectors – 1903 – The Great Train Robbery • First story on screen -Shown in five-cent theaters (nickelodeons) – 1915 – Birth of a Nation • D. W. Griffith’s glorification of KKK • Hollywood became center of movie production – Early movies featured nudity – Public forced industry to self-censor using ratings • World War I – Propaganda used to incite feeling against Germans and the Kaiser

• 1927 – The Jazz Singer – First “talkie” – Racist – white person painted himself in blackface • Actors and actresses became “stars” – Critics said movies vulgarized popular tastes – Socialized immigrants – Standardized language and tastes

Society Begins to Change • Census of 1920 shows majority now in cities • More Women working • Birth Control – Margret Sanger • Church loses some of its influence • Advertisers sell sex – The Flapper Girl

The Flapper • • Bobbed (short) hair Short dress Rolled stockings Red cheeks and lips Smoking Flat body No Care Attitude

The Dynamic Decade for Blacks • Harlem Renaissance – 100, 000 blacks in 1920 s – Poets and writers like Langston Hughes & Countee Cullen – Influential blacks argued for a “New Negro” • Full citizen and social equal to whites • Marcus Garvey pushes nationalism – Pushed to resettle blacks in homeland (Africa) – Pushed black businesses & black pride

The Age of Literature • • H. L. Mencken F. Scott Fitzgerald Theodore Dreiser Ernest Hemingway Sinclair Lewis William Faulkner Poets: Pound; T. S. Elliot; Robert Frost Playwright Eugene O’Neill

• Architecture becomes important – Functionalism – Architects like Frank Lloyd Wright – 1931 – Empire State Building dedicated • 102 stories high • Rampant speculation in 1920 s - a sign that crash was coming – Several hundred banks failed yearly – 1925 – crash of Florida real estate boom • Based on fraud, including selling underwater lots

• Speculation on the stock exchange – Stocks went up because people speculated that they would be able to sell for more than they paid – Buying “on margin” • Stocks purchased with small down payment • Only worked as long as stocks went up (like recent housing bubble and mortgages) • National debt and tax policies – Secretary of the Treasury Andrew Mellon attacked high taxes (holdover from WWI) because: • Forced rich to invest in tax-exempt securities instead of factories • Brought lower net receipts into Treasury

• Controversy over Mellon policies – Shifted tax burden to middle-income groups – Reduced national debt (from $26 to $16 billion), but should have reduced it more – Indirectly encouraged speculation on stock exchange by increasing holdings of the rich – THEORY OF “TRICKLE DOWN ECONOMICS” IS FOLLOWED BUT NO CLEAR EVIDENCE THAT IT WILL EVER WORK – THEN OR NOW