APUSH Porter POWERPOINT CHAPTER 28 The Progressive Era

APUSH Porter POWERPOINT CHAPTER 28 The Progressive Era 1901 -1912

Keys to the Chapter • • What Progressive’s Want Supreme Court Speaks on Progressivism Muckrakers Teddy Roosevelt and the Three C’s Panic of 1907 Taft’s Presidency Dollar Diplomacy

• Where did these Progressive critics come from? – Socialists • Many were European immigrants – Social gospel movement • Used religion to demand better for urban poor – Feminists • Demanded suffrage along with other reforms • Led by Jane Addams (Chicago) who worked to improve conditions for urban poor

T. R. Referred to them as Muckrakers • Most focused on big business and need for government to right the wrongs of society: – Jacob Riis (“How the Other Half Lives”) – Lincoln Steffens (“Shame of the cities”) – Ida M. Tarbell (“Mother of Trusts-Standard Oil) – Upton Sinclair (“The Jungle”- Meat Companies) They sought social change but primarily highlighted the bad without clear ideas to fix it.

What Progressives Wanted • • End to Urban Slums End to Machine Politics Direct Election of Senators Regulation of Trusts Suffrage for Women A Federal Income Tax Child Labor Laws / Limit on Working Hours Improve Life of Poor & stop Socialism

• Progressivism was a national movement – Were in both major parties • Wanted to regain power of the people that had been given up to powerful “interests” – Direct primaries (instead of rule by party bosses) – Initiative so that voters could propose legislation, bypassing corrupt legislators – Referendum put laws on ballot to allow voters themselves to pass (or not) laws, – Recall elections to remove corrupt elected officials

• Progressive reforms at state level - Wisconsin – Governor Robert M. La Follette (“Fighting Bob”) – Take power from corps and give it back to people – Came up with way to regulate public utilities – Worked with experts from faculty at university – New York under governor Charles Evans Hughes • Investigated gas, insurance, and coal industries to end corruption

Issues for women: factory reform; temperance; suffrage; child labor laws • Muller v. Oregon (1908) – Supreme Court accepts special laws protecting women and children in the workplace – Employers previously had total control over the workplace – Right to Contract overruled because of need to “procreate the race”.

• Lochner v. New York (1905) - overturned a N. Y. law establishing a 10 -hour workday for bakers – No special interest to protect workers present to void private party contract rights – In 1917 Court will finally change its views

Triangle Shirtwaist Fire (1911) 146 Die ----Brings calls for reforms

Young Women’s Bodies Lie on the Street Below

• Gradual change from unregulated capitalism to belief that employers and government had responsibility to workers and society – Many states passed tougher laws regulating sweatshops (after the Triangle fire) – Worker’s compensations laws gave injured workers insurance for lost income – States begin to limit alcohol sales but cities will remain “wet” due to large immigrant populations

Prohibition on Eve of the 18 th Amendment, 1919

• Roosevelt decided to protect “public interest” – Demanded “Square Deal” for public – Three C’s: – control of corporations, – consumer protection, – conservation of natural resources He Believed That Government, and Not Big Business, Should Rule the Country

TR’s Square Deal for Labor • 1902 coal strike in Pennsylvania – Workers exploited in dangerous mines – Workers demanded 20% increase in pay and working day of 9 hour – Mine owners refused arbitration or negotiation

• Roosevelt’s actions – Realizes importance of coal for fuel – Sided with workers, in part because of the arrogance of the mine owners – Threatened to seize and operate mines with federal troops • First time government had threatened owners, instead of workers, with violence

• Roosevelt’s good and bad trusts – Realized can’t eliminate all trusts – Good trusts had a public conscience; bad trusts greedy for $ and power – Only against bad trusts – Use threat of breakup to force corporations to accept gov’t regulation

Good vs. Bad Trusts

• Northern Securities Case (1904) – Railroad company organized by JP Morgan to monopolize railroads in Northwest – 1902 - Roosevelt orders breakup of Northern Securities & they sue – 1904 - Northern Securities decision • Supreme Court upheld Roosevelt’s order, greatly strengthening his reputation as trust buster

But in truth Taft “busted” more trusts

• Meat Inspection Act (1906) – Brought about because of “The Jungle” by Upton Sinclair – Meat shipped over state lines subject to federal inspection throughout entire process – Used by large packing houses to drive smaller competitors out of business – Large packing houses got US approval for their meat - increase shipments to Europe • Pure Food and Drug Act (1906) – Prevented adulteration and mislabeling

• Roosevelt energized conservation movement at federal level – Lover of outdoors - hunter, naturalist, rancher – Using up natural resources appalled him – Set aside 125 million acres of forests, 3 times what his predecessors had done – Set aside acres of coal and water resources

• Roosevelt easily re-elected in 1904 – Called more strongly for Progressive measures • Taxing income, protecting income, regulating corporations – Announced he would not run for a 3 rd term in 1908 during 1904 election and he would later regret the decision • 1907 - short panic hit Wall Street – Included runs on banks, suicides, and criminal proceedings against speculators – Roosevelt blamed by business leaders

• Panic of 1907 led to currency reforms – Aldrich-Vreeland Act (1908) • Authorized national banks to issue currency backed by collateral • Eventually will lead to Federal Reserve Act (1913) and understanding that Government must be in charge of the money supply but that it must be kept separate from fiscal policy.

• Roosevelt decides not to run in 1908 Picks his secretary of war William Howard Taft to be his successor • used his power and control of the Republican party to push Taft’s nomination through

Roosevelt Hands “My Policies” Off to Taft

The Election of 1908: Taft vs. Bryan

Assessing Roosevelt’s Presidency • He usually chose the middle road – Acts to soften the worst abuses of capitalism, but effectively preserved capitalism and allowed the system to flourish – Able to head off move towards socialism – Most important and lasting contribution preservation of natural resources - he chose the middle road between preservationists and those who wanted to rape the land of all its resources

– T. R. enlarged the power and prestige of the presidential office • used the power of publicity (the “bully pulpit”) to get his way – Helped guide progressive movement and later liberal reforms • Square Deal was forerunner of the later New Deal from FDR – Opened Americans’ eyes to the fact that they shared the world with other countries • As a great power, the USA had responsibilities and ambitions that could not be escaped

• Taft’s weaknesses: – Lacked Roosevelt’s strong political leadership skills or his love of a good fight • Became passive when dealing with Congress • Not a good judge of public opinion and frequently misspoke in public • Too conservative to make Progressives in his party happy

• Taft’s plan foreign policy replaced Roosevelt’s “big stick” policy with “dollar diplomacy” – US investors would pour money into areas of strategic concern for the US especially the Far East and Latin America around the Panama Canal – US investors thereby block out rival investors from foreign countries while bringing profit to themselves and USA

• Dollar diplomacy in Latin America – US refused to allow European investment in Latin America (cite Monroe Doctrine) – Taft urged US investors to pump money into Latin America to keep out foreign funds – To protect investments US forces frequently used to put down protests and revolutions • For example, in 1912 a force of 2, 500 US marines landed in Nicaragua to put down a revolution, and stayed 13 years

The United States in the Caribbean

• 1911 - Supreme Court ordered breakup of Standard Oil Company because held to violate the 1890 Sherman Antitrust Act – Court handed down its “rule of reason” which held that only combinations that “unreasonably” restrained trade were illegal; this rule greatly weakened the government’s strength against other trusts

Taft Splits the Republican Party • Progressive wing wanted to lower protective tariff (which they called the “Mother of Trusts” because of it protected big business) • Taft says okay but ends up actually raising tariff and loses support of progressives • Also splits the party on issue of Conservation

Taft Makes a Mess

• February 1912 - Roosevelt, angry with Taft for apparent rejection of Progressivism (“my policies”), decided to fight for Republican nomination – He reasoned that the third-term tradition applied to 3 consecutive elective terms – “My hat is in the ring!” AT THE CONVENTION HE NARROWLY LOSES AND DECIDES TO RUN ON THIRD PARTY TICKET

Roosevelt the Take-Back Giver