MEMORY MEMORY receives information senses organizes retrieves and

MEMORY

MEMORY � receives information (senses) � organizes � retrieves and alters as it stores it

THREE PROCESSES OF MEMORY: � Encoding - convert information to form usable in brain’s storage (PUT IT IN) � Storage - holding onto information (KEEP IT IN) � Retrieval - getting information in storage to form to be used (GET IT OUT)

LEVELS-OF-PROCESSING MODEL � Levels-of-processing model � more "deeply processed” � processed according to its meaning vs. basic characteristics remembered more efficiently and for longer! Bloom’s taxonomy!

THREE-STAGE PROCESS OF MEMORY � Into sensory system Briefly registers (sensory memory) � Selective attention filters into short-term memory Held while attention (rehearsal) continues � If enough rehearsal (maintenance/elaboration), will enter/be stored (long-term memory)

SHORT-TERM MEMORY (STM) � working memory � information held for brief periods while being used � Selective attention

SHORT-TERM MEMORY � Chunking – bits of information combined into meaningful units (chunks) = more information can be held in STM � e. g. language learning

SHORT-TERM MEMORY � Maintenance rehearsal - saying some information over and over in one’s head in order to maintain it in STM � STMs tend to be encoded in auditory form

LONG-TERM MEMORY (LTM) � information placed to be kept more or less permanently � Elaborative rehearsal - transferring information from STM into LTM � making meaningful in some way � Metacognition!

TYPES OF LTM � Procedural memory - skills, procedures, habits, conditioned responses � not conscious, but affect conscious behavior � Declarative memory – conscious and known (memory for facts)

MORE ON PROCEDURAL MEMORY � Skills people know how to do, implicit � Also emotional associations, habits, simple conditioned reflexes � may � IAT or may not be in conscious awareness (implicit associations)

MORE ON DECLARATIVE MEMORY � All things people know, conscious/explicit � Semantic memory - general knowledge � Language, formal education � Episodic memory - personal information not readily available to others � daily activities, events

CUES TO HELP REMEMBER � Retrieval cue � Encoding specificity - improved if related information (surroundings/physiological state) available also available when retrieved � Final exam, studying

RECALL � Serial position effect - beginning and end remembered more accurately � Primacy effect - beginning � Recency effect - end � Job interviews, contests

RECOGNITION � False positive – error of recognition � think recognize stimulus not actually in memory

EYEWITNESS TESTIMONY � Elizabeth Loftus study � what people see and hear about event after the fact can easily affect accuracy of memories of that event � Eye witness testimony not always reliable!

ALZHEIMER’S DISEASE � Primary memory difficulty - anterograde amnesia (although retrograde amnesia can also occur) � Drugs to slow or stop the progression of Alzheimer’s disease

BEST WAYS TO PREVENT ALZHEIMER’S DISEASE �Exercise!!! � Maintain a healthy weight � Stay engaged (intellectually AND socially) � Learn new things � Protect your head � Meditate