Elements of Music The Enjoyment of Music Melody

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Elements of Music The Enjoyment of Music

Elements of Music The Enjoyment of Music

Melody: Musical Line Definition – coherent succession of single pitches Pitch – refers to

Melody: Musical Line Definition – coherent succession of single pitches Pitch – refers to the highness or lowness of a tone depending on the rate of vibration (faster=higher) Interval – distance between two pitches (small or large) Range – distance between the melody’s lowest and highest tones Shape – determined by the direction a melody takes as it turns upward or downward or remains static Example p. 3

Melody cont Conjunct – small intervals in a joined or connected manner http: //www.

Melody cont Conjunct – small intervals in a joined or connected manner http: //www. cleanvideosearch. com/media/action/y t/watch? video. Id=ik. QNFq. Vk. NNc Disjunct – disjointed or disconnected intervals http: //www. cleanvideosearch. com/media/action/y t/watch? video. Id=ve. UJx. ETj 7 -c

Melody - Structure Phrase – denotes a unit of meaning within a larger structure

Melody - Structure Phrase – denotes a unit of meaning within a larger structure Cadence – the phrase ends in a resting place, which punctuates the music in the same way that a comma or period punctuates a sentence Example – prokofiev

Melody - Structure Rhyme Scheme – poem that describes the similarity in sound of

Melody - Structure Rhyme Scheme – poem that describes the similarity in sound of the last syllables in each line Countermelody – “against the melody” http: //www. cleanvideosearch. com/media/action/y t/watch? video. Id=0 g. F-Wzp 8 Ni 8

Rhythm – the element that organizes movement in time Beat – regular pulsation heard

Rhythm – the element that organizes movement in time Beat – regular pulsation heard in most Western styles of music, some stronger than others known as accented beats (2, 4 or 1, 3) Meters – patterns into which rhythmic pulses are organized and marked off into measures Meter is a broader term. While rhythm encompasses the overall movement of music in time, meter is the actual measurement of time

Rhythm - patterns Duple meter – two beats to a measure Triple meter –

Rhythm - patterns Duple meter – two beats to a measure Triple meter – three beats to a measure http: //www. cleanvideosearch. com/media/action/yt/watch? video. Id=2 Rsk. SMh. NPo. M Quadruple meter – common time, four beats Simple meter – subdivided into four Compound meter – subdivided into three Example p. 8

Rhythm - patterns Upbeat – begins with the last beat of the measure (America,

Rhythm - patterns Upbeat – begins with the last beat of the measure (America, the Beautiful) Syncopation – a deliberate upsetting of the normal pattern of accentuation (accenting the weak beat instead of the strong beat) http: //www. cleanvideosearch. com/media/action/yt/watch? video. Id=p. MAt. L 7 n_-rc Example p. 11 Polyrhythm – (many rhythms) two against three or three against four http: //www. cleanvideosearch. com/media/action/yt/watch? video. Id=p. MAt. L 7 n_rc Additive meter – grouping of irregular numbers of beats that add up to a larger overall pattern

Harmony: Musical Space Harmony – describes the movement and relationship of intervals and chords

Harmony: Musical Space Harmony – describes the movement and relationship of intervals and chords Chord – when three or more tones sound together Scale – collection of pitches arranged in ascending or descending order Syllables – do-re-me-fa-sol-la-ti-do Octave – do-do, or 1 -8

Function of Harmony Triad – most common chord in Western Music, a combination of

Function of Harmony Triad – most common chord in Western Music, a combination of three tones Tonic – first degree of the scale Tonality – organization around a central tone Major and minor scales – degrees 1 -8 in an arrangement of whole and half steps depending on maj or min http: //www. cleanvideosearch. com/media/action/yt/watch? video. Id=Qb_j. QBgz. U-I http: //www. cleanvideosearch. com/media/action/yt/watch? video. Id=N 6 K_Iu. Bs. RM 4 Diatonic – melodies or harmonies that are built from the tones of a major or min scale Chromatic – describes the full gamut of notes available in the octave

Consonance and Dissonance – a combination of tones that sounds discordant, unstable, in need

Consonance and Dissonance – a combination of tones that sounds discordant, unstable, in need of resolution http: //www. cleanvideosearch. com/media/action/yt/watch? video. Id=qj 9 Ql. Wltv 8 s Consonance – combination of musical tones that provides a sense of relaxation and fulfillment Drone – (far East) harmony takes the subsidiary role of a single sustained pitch http: //www. cleanvideosearch. com/media/action/yt/watch? video. Id=am. NF_F 6 oe. RU

Texture Monophonic – single voiced Heterophony – 2 or more, usually improvised Polyphony –

Texture Monophonic – single voiced Heterophony – 2 or more, usually improvised Polyphony – many voiced, 2 or more different melodic lines at once Counterpoint – note against note, one musical line set against another Homophony – a single voices takes over the melodic interest while the accompanying parts take a subordinate role http: //www. cleanvideosearch. com/media/action/yt/watch? video. Id=z. R 0 ZJy Eh. Nx 0

Texture: counterpoint Imitation – a melodic idea is presented in one voice and then

Texture: counterpoint Imitation – a melodic idea is presented in one voice and then restated in another http: //www. cleanvideosearch. com/media/action/yt/watch? video. Id=Kdi. Ha. WHJNc 8 Canon and round – each voice enters in succession with the same melody Retrograde – a statement of the melody backward beginning with the last note Inversion – turns the melody upside down, follows the same intervals but in the opposite direction Retrograde inversion – upside down and backwards Augmentation – melody to be presented in longer time values Diminution – melody is presented in short time values

Musical Form Variation – some aspects of the music are altered but the original

Musical Form Variation – some aspects of the music are altered but the original is still recognizable Improvisation – creating music on the spot Binary form – two part A-B Ternary form – A-B-A two part, repeat first part Example p. 25

Form Theme – when a melodic idea is used as a building block in

Form Theme – when a melodic idea is used as a building block in the construction of a musical work Thematic development – elaborating or varying a musical idea http: //www. cleanvideosearch. com/media/action/yt/watch? video. Id=N 6 K_Iu. Bs. RM 4 Sequence – idea may be restated at a higher or lower pitch Motive – smallest fragment of a theme that forms a melodic-rhythmic unit Call and Response – responsorial music http: //www. cleanvideosearch. com/media/action/yt/watch? video. Id=ui. B 6 v. T 5 HT 3 U Ostinato – a short musical pattern that is repeated Movement – a complete, comparatively independent division of a large-scale work

Tempo – rate of speed Tempo markings Grave, very slow Largo, very slow Adagio,

Tempo – rate of speed Tempo markings Grave, very slow Largo, very slow Adagio, quite slow Andante, walking Moderato, moderate Allegro, fast Vivace, lively Presto, very fast

Dynamics – denote the volume at which music is played pianissimo (pp), very soft

Dynamics – denote the volume at which music is played pianissimo (pp), very soft Piano (p), soft Mezzo piano (mp), moderately soft Mezzo forte (mf), moderately loud Forte (f), loud Fortissimo (ff), very loud Crescendo and decrescendo