Marriages and Families Changes Choices and Constraints Eighth

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Marriages and Families: Changes, Choices and Constraints Eighth Edition Nijole V. Benokraitis © 2015,

Marriages and Families: Changes, Choices and Constraints Eighth Edition Nijole V. Benokraitis © 2015, 2012, 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Chapter 16 FAMILIES IN LATER LIFE Marriages and Families: Changes, Choices and Constraints, 8

Chapter 16 FAMILIES IN LATER LIFE Marriages and Families: Changes, Choices and Constraints, 8 e © 2015, 2012, 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Our Aging Society • • When is “old”? Life expectancy A growing older population

Our Aging Society • • When is “old”? Life expectancy A growing older population Growing racial and ethnic diversity Marriages and Families: Changes, Choices and Constraints, 8 e © 2015, 2012, 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

When is “Old”? • Young-old: People between ages 65 and 74 • Old-old: People

When is “Old”? • Young-old: People between ages 65 and 74 • Old-old: People between ages 75 and 84 • Oldest-old: People age 85 and older Marriages and Families: Changes, Choices and Constraints, 8 e © 2015, 2012, 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Life Expectancy • Average number of years a person can expect to live •

Life Expectancy • Average number of years a person can expect to live • Varies by: – Sex – Social class – Race-ethnicity Marriages and Families: Changes, Choices and Constraints, 8 e © 2015, 2012, 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Figure 16. 1 - U. S. Life Expectancy at Birth, by Sex and Race-Ethnicity,

Figure 16. 1 - U. S. Life Expectancy at Birth, by Sex and Race-Ethnicity, 2010 Source: Based on National Center for Health Statistics, 2013, Table 18. Marriages and Families: Changes, Choices and Constraints, 8 e © 2015, 2012, 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

A Growing Older Population • Implications – Shrinking younger population – Expanding old-age dependency

A Growing Older Population • Implications – Shrinking younger population – Expanding old-age dependency ratio • Old-age dependency ratio: Number of workingage adults ages 18 to 64 for every person age 65 and older who’s not in the labor force Marriages and Families: Changes, Choices and Constraints, 8 e © 2015, 2012, 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Figure 16. 2 - The Young and the Old in the United States, 1900

Figure 16. 2 - The Young and the Old in the United States, 1900 to 2030 Source: Based on U. S. Senate Special Committee on Aging et al. , 1991: 9, and Vincent and Velkoff, 2010, Table A-1. Marriages and Families: Changes, Choices and Constraints, 8 e © 2015, 2012, 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Figure 16. 3 - U. S. Old-Age Dependency Ratio, 1900 to 2030 Source: Based

Figure 16. 3 - U. S. Old-Age Dependency Ratio, 1900 to 2030 Source: Based on Jacobsen et al. , 2011, Figure 10. Marriages and Families: Changes, Choices and Constraints, 8 e © 2015, 2012, 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Growing Racial and Ethnic Diversity • High immigration rates • Higher birthrates of immigrants

Growing Racial and Ethnic Diversity • High immigration rates • Higher birthrates of immigrants than whites • High life expectancy of immigrants than whites Marriages and Families: Changes, Choices and Constraints, 8 e © 2015, 2012, 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Figure 16. 4 - U. S. Population Age 65 and Older, by Race and

Figure 16. 4 - U. S. Population Age 65 and Older, by Race and Ethnicity, 2010 and 2050 Source: Federal Interagency Forum on Aging-Related Statistics, 2012, p. 4. Marriages and Families: Changes, Choices and Constraints, 8 e © 2015, 2012, 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Health and Ageism • Physical health • Mental health • Ageism and stereotypes Marriages

Health and Ageism • Physical health • Mental health • Ageism and stereotypes Marriages and Families: Changes, Choices and Constraints, 8 e © 2015, 2012, 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Physical Health • Physical decline is normal and inevitable with ageing • Ways to

Physical Health • Physical decline is normal and inevitable with ageing • Ways to live longer and better – Exercise physically and mentally – Lose weight and don’t smoke – Watch diet, control blood pressure and avoid diabetes – Establish strong social networks Marriages and Families: Changes, Choices and Constraints, 8 e © 2015, 2012, 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Physical Challenges of Living Longer • The video talks about the diseases that affect

Physical Challenges of Living Longer • The video talks about the diseases that affect older people http: //media. pearsoncmg. com/ph/hss/Sociology. Me dia/Core. Concepts. Videos/INT_OFO_17 K_003. html Marriages and Families: Changes, Choices and Constraints, 8 e © 2015, 2012, 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Mental Health • Common problems with older people – Depression - Caused due to

Mental Health • Common problems with older people – Depression - Caused due to a combination of genetic, personal history, and environmental factors – Dementia: Loss of mental abilities that most commonly occurs late in life • Alzheimer’s disease: Progressive, degenerative disorder that attacks the brain and impairs memory, thinking, and behavior Marriages and Families: Changes, Choices and Constraints, 8 e © 2015, 2012, 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Ageism and Stereotypes • Ageism: Discrimination against people on the basis of age, particularly

Ageism and Stereotypes • Ageism: Discrimination against people on the basis of age, particularly against older people • Stereotypes – Older people have many health disorders and are incompetent – Older people are stuck in the past and have outdated interests and skills Marriages and Families: Changes, Choices and Constraints, 8 e © 2015, 2012, 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Work and Retirement • Working past age 65 • Variations in retirement income Marriages

Work and Retirement • Working past age 65 • Variations in retirement income Marriages and Families: Changes, Choices and Constraints, 8 e © 2015, 2012, 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Working Past Age 65 • Reasons why people work past 65 – Social security

Working Past Age 65 • Reasons why people work past 65 – Social security – Increase in retirement age for full social security – Financial trouble due to recession – Medicare – Reduced or eliminated employee pension plans Marriages and Families: Changes, Choices and Constraints, 8 e © 2015, 2012, 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Variations in Retirement Income • Largely depend on: – Gender – Race and ethnicity

Variations in Retirement Income • Largely depend on: – Gender – Race and ethnicity – Marital status – Social class Marriages and Families: Changes, Choices and Constraints, 8 e © 2015, 2012, 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Figure 16. 5 - Median Income of Older Americans by Age and Race-Ethnicity, 2011

Figure 16. 5 - Median Income of Older Americans by Age and Race-Ethnicity, 2011 Source: Based on U. S. Census Bureau, Current Population Survey. 2012. Annual Social and Economic Supplement, detailed tables, Table HINC-02, www. census. gov/hhes/www/cpstables (accessed July 12, 2013). Marriages and Families: Changes, Choices and Constraints, 8 e © 2015, 2012, 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Grandparenting • Grandparenting styles • Grandparents as surrogate parents • Grandparents’ divorce Marriages and

Grandparenting • Grandparenting styles • Grandparents as surrogate parents • Grandparents’ divorce Marriages and Families: Changes, Choices and Constraints, 8 e © 2015, 2012, 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Grandparenting Styles • • • Remote or detached Companionate and supportive Involved and influential

Grandparenting Styles • • • Remote or detached Companionate and supportive Involved and influential Advisory and authoritative Cultural transmitter Marriages and Families: Changes, Choices and Constraints, 8 e © 2015, 2012, 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Grandparents as Surrogate Parents • Provide regular care or raise the grandchildren • Types

Grandparents as Surrogate Parents • Provide regular care or raise the grandchildren • Types – Custodial grandparents – Living-with grandparents – Day-care grandparents Marriages and Families: Changes, Choices and Constraints, 8 e © 2015, 2012, 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Figure 16. 6 - Grandparents Raising Grandchildren, 2012 Source: Based on data in U.

Figure 16. 6 - Grandparents Raising Grandchildren, 2012 Source: Based on data in U. S. Census Bureau, Current Population Survey, 2012. Annual Social and Economic Supplement, “Families and Living Arrangements, ” http: //www. census. gov/hhes/families/data/cps 2012. html, Table C 4 (accessed July 10, 2013). Marriages and Families: Changes, Choices and Constraints, 8 e © 2015, 2012, 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Grandparents’ Divorce • Both grandparents and grandchildren suffer as a consequence – Grandparents lose

Grandparents’ Divorce • Both grandparents and grandchildren suffer as a consequence – Grandparents lose contact with grandkids – Divorce rates are an all time high Marriages and Families: Changes, Choices and Constraints, 8 e © 2015, 2012, 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Sibling Relationships in Later Life • • • Intimate siblings Congenial siblings Loyal siblings

Sibling Relationships in Later Life • • • Intimate siblings Congenial siblings Loyal siblings Apathetic siblings Hostile siblings Marriages and Families: Changes, Choices and Constraints, 8 e © 2015, 2012, 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Dying, Death, and Bereavement • • Experiencing death and dying Hospice care for the

Dying, Death, and Bereavement • • Experiencing death and dying Hospice care for the dying The right to die with dignity Coping with death Marriages and Families: Changes, Choices and Constraints, 8 e © 2015, 2012, 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Experiencing Death and Dying • Dying trajectory: Speed with which a person dies •

Experiencing Death and Dying • Dying trajectory: Speed with which a person dies • Stages of dying – Denial – Anger – Bargaining – Depression – Acceptance Marriages and Families: Changes, Choices and Constraints, 8 e © 2015, 2012, 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Hospice Care for the Dying • Hospice: Place for the care of terminally ill

Hospice Care for the Dying • Hospice: Place for the care of terminally ill patients – Available in various settings • • Patients’ homes Hospitals Nursing homes Inpatient facilities Marriages and Families: Changes, Choices and Constraints, 8 e © 2015, 2012, 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

The Right to Die with Dignity • Older men have the highest suicide rates

The Right to Die with Dignity • Older men have the highest suicide rates – Social isolation – Loneliness – Feeling of uselessness – Financial hardship – Multiple losses of loved ones – Chronic illness and pain Marriages and Families: Changes, Choices and Constraints, 8 e © 2015, 2012, 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Coping with Death • Bereavement: Process of recovery after the death of someone we

Coping with Death • Bereavement: Process of recovery after the death of someone we felt close to • Grief: Emotional response to loss – Mourning: Customary outward expression of grief Marriages and Families: Changes, Choices and Constraints, 8 e © 2015, 2012, 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Being Widowed in Later Life • There are more widowed women than men •

Being Widowed in Later Life • There are more widowed women than men • Facing widowhood • Forging new relationships Marriages and Families: Changes, Choices and Constraints, 8 e © 2015, 2012, 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

There Are More Widowed Women than Men • Reasons – Women tend to live

There Are More Widowed Women than Men • Reasons – Women tend to live longer than men – Wife typically is three or four years younger than her husband – Marriage market for older males is better – Women are less likely to date someone who is younger – Men are more likely to remarry Marriages and Families: Changes, Choices and Constraints, 8 e © 2015, 2012, 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Figure 16. 7 - Marital Status of Americans Age 65 and Older, 2012 Source:

Figure 16. 7 - Marital Status of Americans Age 65 and Older, 2012 Source: Administration on Aging, 2012, Figure. Marriages and Families: Changes, Choices and Constraints, 8 e © 2015, 2012, 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Facing Widowhood • Some people have depressive symptoms – Many usually recover with time

Facing Widowhood • Some people have depressive symptoms – Many usually recover with time • Most older Americans value their independence and prefer living alone – Some feel isolated – Some move with their relatives Marriages and Families: Changes, Choices and Constraints, 8 e © 2015, 2012, 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Forging New Relationships • Older people enjoy having friends to share interests and whom

Forging New Relationships • Older people enjoy having friends to share interests and whom they can call in emergencies • People who receive emotional support from family and friends are less likely to date or remarry Marriages and Families: Changes, Choices and Constraints, 8 e © 2015, 2012, 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Family Caregiving in Later Life • Who are the recipients and caregivers? • Caregiving

Family Caregiving in Later Life • Who are the recipients and caregivers? • Caregiving styles • Caregiving satisfactions and strains Marriages and Families: Changes, Choices and Constraints, 8 e © 2015, 2012, 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Who Are the Recipients and Caregivers? • Caregiver: Person who attends to the needs

Who Are the Recipients and Caregivers? • Caregiver: Person who attends to the needs of someone who is old, sick, or disabled – Paid or unpaid • Recipients - People who need help because they have one or more physical, mental, emotional, or memory problems Marriages and Families: Changes, Choices and Constraints, 8 e © 2015, 2012, 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Table 16. 2 - Who Provides Care for Older Family Members? Source: Based on

Table 16. 2 - Who Provides Care for Older Family Members? Source: Based on National Alliance for Caregiving/AARP , 2009: 45 -47; Fox et al. , 2013. Marriages and Families: Changes, Choices and Constraints, 8 e © 2015, 2012, 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Caregiving Styles • • • Routine help Backups Circumscribed Sporadic Disassociated Marriages and Families:

Caregiving Styles • • • Routine help Backups Circumscribed Sporadic Disassociated Marriages and Families: Changes, Choices and Constraints, 8 e © 2015, 2012, 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Caregiving Satisfactions and Strains Caregiving satisfaction • Renews and strengthens family relationships • Outcome

Caregiving Satisfactions and Strains Caregiving satisfaction • Renews and strengthens family relationships • Outcome of strong affection in the family • Provides a feeling of being useful or needed • Satisfaction varies Marriages and Families: Changes, Choices and Constraints, 8 e Caregiving strains • Required during complicated and demanding times • Families are unprepared • Reduced quality of life • Dealing with inability and disruptive behavior © 2015, 2012, 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Competition for Scarce Resources • Some financial costs of an aging society • Are

Competition for Scarce Resources • Some financial costs of an aging society • Are there any solutions? Marriages and Families: Changes, Choices and Constraints, 8 e © 2015, 2012, 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Some Financial Costs of an Aging Society • Government spends 31 percent on the

Some Financial Costs of an Aging Society • Government spends 31 percent on the elderly – Number of people with chronic disability is increasing – Boomers are more likely to demand expensive health care services Marriages and Families: Changes, Choices and Constraints, 8 e © 2015, 2012, 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Are There Any Solutions? Redefine old age and reform immigration laws Require higher-income people

Are There Any Solutions? Redefine old age and reform immigration laws Require higher-income people to pay a larger share of Medicare costs Standardize health care costs Decrease fraud and waste Monitor unnecessary treatments and deliberate inflation of bills Providing incentives for healthier behaviors Marriages and Families: Changes, Choices and Constraints, 8 e © 2015, 2012, 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.