Marriages and Families Changes Choices and Constraints Eighth

Marriages and Families: Changes, Choices and Constraints Eighth Edition Nijole V. Benokraitis © 2015, 2012, 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Chapter 1 THE CHANGING FAMILY Marriages and Families: Changes, Choices and Constraints, 8 e © 2015, 2012, 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Learning Objectives LO 1. 1 Explain how traditional and contemporary definitions of family differ LO 1. 2 Describe five family functions and two marriage rules that are similar worldwide LO 1. 3 Describe five ways families differ worldwide Marriages and Families: Changes, Choices and Constraints, 8 e © 2015, 2012, 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Learning Objectives LO 1. 4 Describe five myths about families and distinguish between functional and dysfunctional myths LO 1. 5 Describe three perspectives on why families are changing Marriages and Families: Changes, Choices and Constraints, 8 e © 2015, 2012, 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Learning Objectives LO 1. 6 Explain how U. S. families have been changing in terms of demographic characteristics and racial-ethnic diversity LO 1. 7 Explain how macro-level constraints affect families’ micro-level choices Marriages and Families: Changes, Choices and Constraints, 8 e © 2015, 2012, 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Learning Objectives LO 1. 8 Explain why multicultural, crosscultural, and global perspectives are important in understanding families Marriages and Families: Changes, Choices and Constraints, 8 e © 2015, 2012, 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

What Is a Family? • Traditional definitions • Current definitions Marriages and Families: Changes, Choices and Constraints, 8 e © 2015, 2012, 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Traditional Definitions • Unit made up of two or more people – Related by blood, marriage, or adoption or live together – Form an economic unit – Bear and raise children • Definition by U. S. Census Bureau – Two or more people living together who are related by birth, marriage, or adoption Marriages and Families: Changes, Choices and Constraints, 8 e © 2015, 2012, 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Current Definitions of the Family • Family: Intimate group of two or more people who: – Live together in a committed relationship – Care for one another and any children – Share activities and close emotional ties • Fictive kin: Family in which nonrelatives are accepted as part of a family Marriages and Families: Changes, Choices and Constraints, 8 e © 2015, 2012, 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Defining a Family • In the video, ‘How a Family is Defined’ , Judith Stacey talks about the various perspectives on family structure http: //abavtooldev. pearsoncmg. com/sbx_videoplay er_v 2/simpleviewer. php? project. ID=MSoc. L&clip. ID= Staley_02 -91. flv Marriages and Families: Changes, Choices and Constraints, 8 e © 2015, 2012, 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Beyond the Nuclear Family: The Increasing Importance of Multigenerational Bonds • This content discusses the multiracial bonds prevalent in the society http: //view. ebookplus. pearsoncmg. com/ebook/linkt oebook 5. do? platform=1027&bookid=15318&pagei d=1153 Marriages and Families: Changes, Choices and Constraints, 8 e © 2015, 2012, 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

How Are Families Similar • Family functions • Marriage • Endogamy and exogamy Marriages and Families: Changes, Choices and Constraints, 8 e © 2015, 2012, 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Family Functions • Vary across as well as within cultures • Functions of the family – Regulation of the sexual activity – Procreation – Socialization – Economic security – Social class placement Marriages and Families: Changes, Choices and Constraints, 8 e © 2015, 2012, 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Marriage • Socially approved mating relationship that people expect to be stable and enduring • Common-law marriage: Non-ceremonial relationship that people establish by living together • Bigamy: Marrying a second person while a first marriage is still legal Marriages and Families: Changes, Choices and Constraints, 8 e © 2015, 2012, 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

What is Marriage For? • The text gives a brief on marriages http: //view. ebookplus. pearsoncmg. com/ebook/linkt oebook 5. do? platform=1027&bookid=15318&pagei d=942 Marriages and Families: Changes, Choices and Constraints, 8 e © 2015, 2012, 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Endogamy and Exogamy • Endogamy: Requires marrying or have sexual relations within a certain group – Racial or ethnic groups or clans or tribes • Exogamy: Permits marriage outside of one’s own group • Societal norms and traditions guide rules regarding who an individual can marry Marriages and Families: Changes, Choices and Constraints, 8 e © 2015, 2012, 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

How Do Families Differ Worldwide? • • • Family structure Nuclear and extended families Residence patterns Authority and power Monogamy and polygamy Marriages and Families: Changes, Choices and Constraints, 8 e © 2015, 2012, 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Family Structure • Family of orientation: Family into which a person is born or adopted • Family of procreation: Family a person forms by marrying and having or adopting children • Kinship system: Network of people who are related by marriage, blood, or adoption Marriages and Families: Changes, Choices and Constraints, 8 e © 2015, 2012, 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Figure 1. 1 - Where U. S Children Live Sources: Based on Fields, 2001, Figure 7; U. S. Census Bureau, Current Population Survey, 2012 Annual Social and Economic Supplement, 2012, Table C 3; U. S. Census Bureau, 2012. Marriages and Families: Changes, Choices and Constraints, 8 e © 2015, 2012, 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Nuclear and Extended Families • Nuclear families: Made up of married parents and their biological or adopted children • Extended families: Parents, children and other kin such as aunts, uncles, and cousins all live under the same roof Marriages and Families: Changes, Choices and Constraints, 8 e © 2015, 2012, 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Residence Patterns • Patrilocal: Married couple lives with the husband’s family • Matrilocal: Couple lives with the wife’s family • Neolocal: Couple sets up its own household Marriages and Families: Changes, Choices and Constraints, 8 e © 2015, 2012, 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Authority and Power • Matriarchal family system: Oldest females control cultural, political, and economic resources • Patriarchal family system: Oldest males control cultural, political, and economic resources • Egalitarian family system: Both partners share power and authority about equally Marriages and Families: Changes, Choices and Constraints, 8 e © 2015, 2012, 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Monogamy and Polygamy • Monogamy: One person is married exclusively to another person – Serial monogamy: Individuals marry several people, but one at a time • Polygamy: A woman or man has two or more spouses Marriages and Families: Changes, Choices and Constraints, 8 e © 2015, 2012, 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Polygamy • The audio clip presents conflicting viewpoints on polygamy in Saudi Arabia http: //media. pearsoncmg. com/ph/hss/SSA_SHAR ED_MEDIA_1/sociology/videos/core_concept_vide os/Basics_10_Race. Ethnicity. html Marriages and Families: Changes, Choices and Constraints, 8 e © 2015, 2012, 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Myths about Families • • • Myths about the past Myths about what is natural Myths about the self-sufficient family Myth of the family as a loving refuge Myths about perfect marriage and perfect family • Why myths are dysfunctional • Why myths can be functional Marriages and Families: Changes, Choices and Constraints, 8 e © 2015, 2012, 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Family Values • Arlene Skolnick, in the video ‘Family values’ discusses the myths and realities changing state of marriages http: //abavtooldev. pearsoncmg. com/sbx_videoplay er_v 2/simpleviewer. php? project. ID=MSoc. L&clip. ID= skolnick_family_value_768 K. flv Marriages and Families: Changes, Choices and Constraints, 8 e © 2015, 2012, 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Myths about the Past • Myths regarding the good old days – Fewer problems – Happy people – Strong family ties Marriages and Families: Changes, Choices and Constraints, 8 e © 2015, 2012, 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

The Way We Weren't: The Myth and Reality of the "Traditional" Family • This content discusses the types of families that were in the past http: //view. ebookplus. pearsoncmg. com/ebook/linkt oebook 5. do? platform=1027&bookid=15318&pagei d=570 Marriages and Families: Changes, Choices and Constraints, 8 e © 2015, 2012, 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Myths about What Is Natural • Strong opinions about what is natural or unnatural in families exist – Misgivings about child-free marriages or other committed relationships – Family life is natural and that women are natural mothers Marriages and Families: Changes, Choices and Constraints, 8 e © 2015, 2012, 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Myths about the Self-Sufficient Family • Few families are entirely self-sufficient • Middle class isn’t self-sufficient • People who have reached retirement age are eligible for Medicare and Social Security Marriages and Families: Changes, Choices and Constraints, 8 e © 2015, 2012, 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

The Myth of the Family as a Loving Refuge • Common belief - Families provide love, nurturance, and emotional support • Evidence suggests – Large number of children suffer from physical and sexual abuse by family members – Intimate partner violence is widespread Marriages and Families: Changes, Choices and Constraints, 8 e © 2015, 2012, 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Myths about Perfect Marriage and Family • Expectations regarding perfect couples – Good providers – Fantastic sexual partners – Best friends and sympathetic confidantes – Stimulating companions, and spiritual soul mates • Spark dissatisfaction and conflict Marriages and Families: Changes, Choices and Constraints, 8 e © 2015, 2012, 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Domestic Life: A Battle of the Sexes? • This explores the role that the two sexes play in marriage http: //www. socialexplorer. com/pearson/plink. aspx? dest=http%3 a%2 f%2 fold. socialexplorer. com%2 fpe arson%2 fspicemap. aspx%3 fv%3 deef 3 e 0293 b 0540 10%26 m%3 dplay Marriages and Families: Changes, Choices and Constraints, 8 e © 2015, 2012, 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Myths are Dysfunctional • When they have negative consequences that disrupt a family • Myths divert attention from social problems that lead to family crises Marriages and Families: Changes, Choices and Constraints, 8 e © 2015, 2012, 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Myths can be Functional • Bring people together and promote social solidarity • Help free an individual from guilt or shame • Help maintain emotional balance during crises Marriages and Families: Changes, Choices and Constraints, 8 e © 2015, 2012, 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Idealized Family • Arlene Skolnick, in the video ‘Idealized Family’ discusses various unrealistic notions regarding family life in the past http: //abavtooldev. pearsoncmg. com/sbx_videoplay er_v 2/simpleviewer. php? project. ID=MFL&clip. ID=sk olnick_ideal_family. flv Marriages and Families: Changes, Choices and Constraints, 8 e © 2015, 2012, 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Perspectives on the Changing Family • The family is declining • The family is changing not declining • The family is more resilient than ever Marriages and Families: Changes, Choices and Constraints, 8 e © 2015, 2012, 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Family is Declining • Causes of decline in family – Individual irresponsibility – Minimal commitment to the family – Selfishness – Most people put their own needs above family duties – Adults are unwilling to invest their psychological and financial resources in their children Marriages and Families: Changes, Choices and Constraints, 8 e © 2015, 2012, 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Population Growth and Decline • This video explores the affects of growth and decline of population http: //media. pearsoncmg. com/ph/hss/Sociology. Me dia/Core. Concepts. Videos/INT_WWL_20 K_004. html Marriages and Families: Changes, Choices and Constraints, 8 e © 2015, 2012, 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Family is Changing not Declining • Analysts contend that family problems have always existed • There is little empirical evidence that family change is synonymous with family decline Marriages and Families: Changes, Choices and Constraints, 8 e © 2015, 2012, 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Family is More Resilient Than Ever • Changes in family life have strengthened family relationships, including marriages • Happiest families are those in which adults share domestic and work responsibilities Marriages and Families: Changes, Choices and Constraints, 8 e © 2015, 2012, 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

How Are U. S. Families Changing • Demographic changes • Racial and ethnic diversity Marriages and Families: Changes, Choices and Constraints, 8 e © 2015, 2012, 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Families: Growth, Change, and the Census • This explores the growth and changes reported by the census http: //www. socialexplorer. com/pearson/plink. aspx? dest=http%3 a%2 f%2 fold. socialexplorer. com%2 fpe arson%2 fspicemap. aspx%3 fv%3 d 3 d 968430 c 6 c 44 77 e%26 m%3 dplay Marriages and Families: Changes, Choices and Constraints, 8 e © 2015, 2012, 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Demographic Changes in family and nonfamily households Singles and cohabiting couples Divorce and remarriage One-parent families Employed mothers Older people Marriages and Families: Changes, Choices and Constraints, 8 e © 2015, 2012, 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Figure 1. 2 - American Families Then and Now Sources: Based on data in Fields, 2004; Purcell and Whitman, 2006; Hamilton et al. , 2012; “Unmarried and single. . . ” 2012; “Older Americans. . . ” 2013 Marriages and Families: Changes, Choices and Constraints, 8 e © 2015, 2012, 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Stepfamilies in the United States: A Reconsideration • This content looks into the dynamics of stepfamilies in the U. S http: //view. ebookplus. pearsoncmg. com/ebook/linkt oebook 5. do? platform=1027&bookid=15318&pagei d=486 Marriages and Families: Changes, Choices and Constraints, 8 e © 2015, 2012, 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Single-Parent Households • This looks into single-parent household in the U. S http: //www. socialexplorer. com/pearson/plink. aspx? dest=http%3 a%2 f%2 fwww. socialexplorer. com%2 f Spice. Map%2 f%3 fv%3 d 810 E 0 AAD 5363459 Marriages and Families: Changes, Choices and Constraints, 8 e © 2015, 2012, 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Racial and Ethnic Diversity Boom in ethnic diversity Racial ethnic clusters Marriages and Families: Changes, Choices and Constraints, 8 e © 2015, 2012, 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Figure 1. 3 - Racial and Ethnic Composition of the U. S. Population, 1950– 2025 Sources: Based on U. S. Census Bureau, 2008; Passel et al. , 2011. Marriages and Families: Changes, Choices and Constraints, 8 e © 2015, 2012, 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Figure 1. 4 - Racial and Ethnic Diversity in the United States, 2010 Source: Grieco et al. , 2012, Figure 1. Marriages and Families: Changes, Choices and Constraints, 8 e © 2015, 2012, 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Why Are Families Changing? • Micro-level perspective: Focuses on people’s social interaction patterns in specific settings • Macro-level perspective: Focuses on large-scale patterns and processes that characterize society as a whole Marriages and Families: Changes, Choices and Constraints, 8 e © 2015, 2012, 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Micro-Level Influences on the Family • Help understand people’s choices • Micro-analyses are limited – Can’t explain some of the things over which families have very little control Marriages and Families: Changes, Choices and Constraints, 8 e © 2015, 2012, 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Macro-Level Influences on the Family Economy Technology Popular Culture • Beliefs, practices, activities, and products that are widely shared Social Movements Family Policies • Measures that governments take to improve the well-being of families Marriages and Families: Changes, Choices and Constraints, 8 e © 2015, 2012, 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

Discussion Question • Discuss how various social movements over the years have changed family life – Civil rights movement – Women’s movement – Gay rights movement – Marriage movement Marriages and Families: Changes, Choices and Constraints, 8 e © 2015, 2012, 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

A Multicultural, Cross Cultural, and Global Perspective on the Family • Immigrant cultural beliefs and practices shaped current families • Changes facing families are not only national but are also global • U. S. businesses recognize the importance of understanding other societies Marriages and Families: Changes, Choices and Constraints, 8 e © 2015, 2012, 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.

A Multicultural, Cross Cultural, and Global Perspective on the Family • Understanding the customs of other countries challenges our notion that U. S. families are the norm • Families are changing around the world Marriages and Families: Changes, Choices and Constraints, 8 e © 2015, 2012, 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.