Lesson Overview Chemical Reactions and Enzymes SEC 2

  • Slides: 19
Download presentation
Lesson Overview Chemical Reactions and Enzymes SEC 2. 4 Chemical Reactions and Enzymes

Lesson Overview Chemical Reactions and Enzymes SEC 2. 4 Chemical Reactions and Enzymes

Lesson Overview Chemical Reactions and Enzymes THINK ABOUT IT Living things are made up

Lesson Overview Chemical Reactions and Enzymes THINK ABOUT IT Living things are made up of chemical compounds, but chemistry isn’t just what life is made of—chemistry is also what life does. Everything that happens in an organism—its growth, its interaction with the environment, its reproduction, and even its movement—is based on chemical reactions.

Lesson Overview Chemical Reactions and Enzymes Chemical Reactions A chemical reaction is a process

Lesson Overview Chemical Reactions and Enzymes Chemical Reactions A chemical reaction is a process that changes, or transforms, one set of chemicals into another by changing the chemical bonds that join atoms in compounds. Elements or compounds that enter into a chemical reaction are known as reactants. Elements or compounds produced by a chemical reaction are known as products. Mass and energy are conserved during chemical transformations, including chemical reactions that occur in living organisms.

Lesson Overview Chemical Reactions and Enzymes Chemical Reactions An important chemical reaction in your

Lesson Overview Chemical Reactions and Enzymes Chemical Reactions An important chemical reaction in your bloodstream enables carbon dioxide to be removed from the body.

Lesson Overview Chemical Reactions and Enzymes Chemical Reactions As it enters the blood, carbon

Lesson Overview Chemical Reactions and Enzymes Chemical Reactions As it enters the blood, carbon dioxide (CO 2) reacts with water to produce carbonic acid (H 2 CO 3), which is highly soluble. This chemical reaction enables the blood to carry carbon dioxide to the lungs.

Lesson Overview Chemical Reactions and Enzymes Chemical Reactions In the lungs, the reaction is

Lesson Overview Chemical Reactions and Enzymes Chemical Reactions In the lungs, the reaction is reversed and produces carbon dioxide gas, which you exhale.

Lesson Overview Chemical Reactions and Enzymes Energy Changes Energy is released or absorbed whenever

Lesson Overview Chemical Reactions and Enzymes Energy Changes Energy is released or absorbed whenever chemical bonds are formed or broken during chemical reactions. Chemical reactions that release energy often occur on their own, or spontaneously. Chemical reactions that absorb energy will not occur without a source of energy.

Lesson Overview Chemical Reactions and Enzymes Energy Changes An example of an energy-releasing reaction

Lesson Overview Chemical Reactions and Enzymes Energy Changes An example of an energy-releasing reaction is the burning of hydrogen gas, in which hydrogen reacts with oxygen to produce water vapor. The energy is released in the form of heat, and sometimes—when hydrogen gas explodes—light and sound.

Lesson Overview Chemical Reactions and Enzymes Energy Changes The reverse reaction - changing water

Lesson Overview Chemical Reactions and Enzymes Energy Changes The reverse reaction - changing water into hydrogen and oxygen gas - absorbs so much energy that it does not occur by itself. 2 H 2 O + energy 2 H 2 + O 2 One way to reverse the reaction is to add an electrical current to water. Summary: in one direction the reaction produces energy, and in the other direction energy must be added.

Lesson Overview Chemical Reactions and Enzymes Energy Sources Every organism must have a source

Lesson Overview Chemical Reactions and Enzymes Energy Sources Every organism must have a source of energy to carry out the chemical reactions it needs to stay alive. Plants get their energy by converting energy from sunlight into energy-rich compounds.

Lesson Overview Chemical Reactions and Enzymes Energy Sources Animals get their energy when they

Lesson Overview Chemical Reactions and Enzymes Energy Sources Animals get their energy when they consume plants or other animals. Humans release the energy needed to grow, breathe, think through the chemical reactions that occur when we metabolize, or break down, digested food.

Lesson Overview Chemical Reactions and Enzymes Activation Energy Chemical reactions that release energy do

Lesson Overview Chemical Reactions and Enzymes Activation Energy Chemical reactions that release energy do not always occur spontaneously. The energy that is needed to get a reaction started is called the activation energy.

Lesson Overview Chemical Reactions and Enzymes Activation Energy The difference between the required energy

Lesson Overview Chemical Reactions and Enzymes Activation Energy The difference between the required energy and the energy of the reactants is the activation energy. Activation energy is involved in chemical reactions whether or not the overall reaction releases or absorbs energy.

Lesson Overview Chemical Reactions and Enzymes Some chemical reactions are too slow or have

Lesson Overview Chemical Reactions and Enzymes Some chemical reactions are too slow or have activation energies that are too high to make them practical for living tissue. These chemical reactions are made possible by catalysts. A catalyst is a substance that speeds up the rate of a chemical reaction. Catalysts work by lowering a reaction’s activation energy.

Lesson Overview Chemical Reactions and Enzymes Nature’s Catalysts Enzymes are proteins that act as

Lesson Overview Chemical Reactions and Enzymes Nature’s Catalysts Enzymes are proteins that act as catalysts to speed up chemical reactions that take place in cells. They lower the activation energy.

Lesson Overview Chemical Reactions and Enzymes The Enzyme-Substrate Complex For a chemical reaction to

Lesson Overview Chemical Reactions and Enzymes The Enzyme-Substrate Complex For a chemical reaction to take place, existing bonds must be broken and new bonds must be formed. Enzymes provide a site where reactants can be brought together to react. Such a site reduces the energy needed for reaction.

Lesson Overview Chemical Reactions and Enzymes The Enzyme-Substrate Complex The reactants of enzymecatalyzed reactions

Lesson Overview Chemical Reactions and Enzymes The Enzyme-Substrate Complex The reactants of enzymecatalyzed reactions are known as substrates. For example, the enzyme carbonic anhydrase converts the substrates carbon dioxide and water into carbonic acid (H 2 CO 3).

Lesson Overview Chemical Reactions and Enzymes The Enzyme-Substrate Complex The substrates bind to a

Lesson Overview Chemical Reactions and Enzymes The Enzyme-Substrate Complex The substrates bind to a site on the enzyme called the active site. The active site and the substrates have complementary shapes. This is sometimes called the “lock and key” model.

Lesson Overview Chemical Reactions and Enzymes Regulation of Enzyme Activity Temperature and p. H

Lesson Overview Chemical Reactions and Enzymes Regulation of Enzyme Activity Temperature and p. H can affect the activity of enzymes. Enzymes produced by human cells generally work best at temperatures close to 37°C, the normal temperature of the human body. Enzymes work best at certain p. H values. For example, the stomach enzyme pepsin, which begins protein digestion, works best under acidic conditions.