King saud university College of nursing Master program

King saud university College of nursing Master program NUR 543 Erikson Theory Psychosocial Development Done by : Maha Alonazi

OUTLINE n n n n -Introduction. -Erikson theory development. -Terminology. - Ego psychology -The eight stage for Erikson theory. -Infancy stage - Trust vs. Mistrust. - Toddler stage- Autonomy vs. Shame. - Preschool stage - Initiative vs. Guilt. - School stage - Industry vs. Inferiority. - Adolescence stage - Identity vs. Role Confusion. - Young adulthood stage -: Intimacy and Solidarity vs. Isolation - Middle Adulthood stage - Generativity vs. Self absorption or Stagnation - Late Adulthood stage - Integrity vs. Despair. - Conclusion. - References.

OBJECTIVE At the end of this lecture the master student able to : n Know how is eriksone. n Identify eirksone theory development. n Identify the eight stage of erikson theory. n Discus erikson theory for every stage

INTRODUCTION n n He was born on June 15/ 1902 in Frankfurt Germany. Erikson's interest in the psychology of identity & he focus on how society affects childhood and development. Erikson was a student and teacher of arts. He was trained in psychoanalysis at the Vienna Psychoanalytic institution under Anna Freud. pass away in 1994.

TERMINOLOGY n psychosocial crises: n Maladaptation : overly adopting positive internal conflicts linked to life's key stages which help to define his or her growth and personality. extreme " can be change“. n Malignancy : adopting the negative extreme " hard to be change".

Erikson Theory Development n He developed a stage theory much like Sigmund Freud's Stages of Psychosexual development, but rather than sexual impulses, Erikson was concerned more with the social aspects of development

n He developed his theory of Psychosocial Development where he divides the human lifespan into eight stages.

n Each stage builds on the successful completion of earlier stages.

n Erikson believed that Freud misjudged human development and created a series of psychosocial stages. Erikson believed that the primary motivation for human behavior was social not sexual as Freud had predicted. Erikson also believed that the personality continued to develop throughout a person's life. Erikson proposed eight psychosocial stages occurring throughout a person's life. In order to move from one stage to the next a person must confront a certain task. The more successful the individual is at resolving the issue the healthier the person's development is.

Erikson believed that childhood is very important in personality development. He accepted many of Freud's theories, including the id, ego, and superego, and Freud's theory of infantile sexuality. But Erikson rejected Freud's attempt to describe personality on the basis of sexuality and unlike Freud felt that personality continued to develop beyond five years of age.

Ego psychology n Ego psychology: Ego identity is the conscious sense of self that we develop through social interaction. According to Erikson our ego identity is constantly changing due to new experience and information we acquire in our daily interactions with others.

n In addition to ego identity Erikson also believed that a sense of competence also motivates behaviors and actions. Each stage in Erikson’s theory is concerned with becoming competent in an area of life. If the stage is handled well the person will feel a sense of mastery which he sometimes referred to as ego strength or ego quality. If the stage is managed poorly the person will emerge with a sense of inadequacy.

n The individual interacts with the external world as well as responds to internal forces. According to Freud, ego takes shape as a consequence of the disagreement between the external world and the persona’s inner self and identity ( defense mechanisms ). n

CON’T n n n All theories aim that is no harm in having a little ego that can help person to cope with the daily & society pressures that he face in a better manner. The goal of psychoanalytic treatment is to establish a balance between bodily needs & psychological wants. Erikson believed that the ego exists from birth and he organized life into eight stages that extend from birth to death

n Each stage is characterized by a psychosocial crisis which is based on physiological development but also on demands put on the individual by parents and/or society. Ideally the crisis in each stage should be resolved by the ego in that stage

EGO-PSYCHOLOGY Erikson's theory of ego psychology holds certain tenets that differentiate his theory from Freud's. Some of these include: n The ego is of utmost importance. n The ego is a powerful agent that can adapt to situations. n Part of the ego is able to operate independently of the id and the superego.

CON’T n n n mental health. Social factors have a role in personality development. Erikson's theory was more comprehensive than Freud's, and included information about "normal" personality as well as neurotics. He also broadened the scope of personality to incorporate society and culture, not just sexuality.

THE EIGHT STAGES 1. Infancy stage: Birth to 18 Months. 2. Toddler stage : 18 Months to 3 Years. 3. Preschool stage: 3 to 5 Years. 4. School stage : 6 to 12 Years. 5. Adolescence stage : 12 to 18 Years. 6. Young adulthood stage: 18 to 35 years. 7. Middle Adulthood stage: 35 to 55 or 65 years. 8. Late Adulthood stage : 55 or 65 years to Death.

Infant stage

Stage Infant stage Psychosocial crisis Trust Vs Mistrust Significant relations Mother issues and needs Positive outcome If trust develops successfully feeding The and being comfortedsl confidence, eeping security, Hope and Drive Negative outcome Maladaptations & malignancies Unsuccessful completion The anxiety, mistrust Maladaptations sensory distortion Malignancies withdrawal

Toddler stage

Stage Toddler stage Psychosocial crisis Autonomy vs Shame and doubt Significant relations Parents issues and needs They begin to assert their independence, by walking away from their mother, picking which toy to play with and making choices about what they like to wear & to eat eg : Toilet training Positive outcome Negative outcome Maladaptations & malignancies If they are criticized, overly If children encouraged and controlled, or not given the supported to opportunity to be increased independent independence They Well feel inadequate in The their ability to survive, than confident ability dependent upon to survive in the others, lack selfworld esteem, and feel a Willpower and sense of shame or Self-Control doubt in their own abilities. Maladaptaion Impulsivity Malignancy Compulsion.

Preschooler stage

Stage Preschool stage Psychosocial crisis Initiative vs Guilt Significant relations family issues and needs They begin to plan activities, make up games, and initiate activities with others, exploration , discovery, and adventure Positive outcome given this opportunity They develop a sense of initiative, and feel secure in their ability to lead others and make decisions Negative outcome Maladaptation & malignancies criticism or control They develop a sense of guilt & they may feel like a irritation to others, lacking in self-initiative. Maladaptation: Ruthlessness Malignancy: Inhibition

School age stage

Stage School age stage Psychosocial crisis Industry vs Inferiority Significant relations neighborhood and school issues and needs achievement and accomplishment teachers play an increased role in the child’s independent. Positive outcome If they are encouraged and reinforced for their initiative, They begin to feel industrious and feel confident in their ability to achieve goals Negative outcome Maladaptations & malignancies If this initiative is not encouraged, or restricted by parents or teacher. They begins to feel inferior, doubting his own abilities and therefore may not reach his potential Maladaptation: Narrow Virtuosity Malignancy: Inertia

Adolescence stage

Stage Adolescence stage Psychosocial crisis Ego-identity vs Role-confusion Significant relations peer groups issues and needs More independent, and begin to look at the future in terms of career, relationships, families, housing Positive outcome They explore possibilities and begin to form their own identity Negative outcome Maladaptatio ns & malignancies based upon the outcome of their explorations of who they are can be hindered (delayed), which results in a sense of confusion Maladaptaion : Fanaticism Malignancy Repudiation

Young adult stage

Stage Young adult stage Psychosocial crisis Intimacy vs Isolation Significant relations Partners & friends & Lover issues and needs Intimate relationshipsin the work and social life Positive outcome Negative outcome Maladaptations & malignancies Successful Avoiding completion intimacy, fearing commitment They and relationships comfortable They relationships and a sense of isolation, commitment, loneliness, safety, and care and sometimes within a depression, relationship Maladaptaion Promiscuity Malignancy : Exclusivity

Middle adult stage

Stage Middle adult stage Psychosocial crisis Generativity vs Self-absorption Significant relations Issues and needs Positive outcome They give back to society through raising their Families If they children, being successes children productive at They community work, and Care and becoming Production involved in community activities and organizations. Negative outcome Maladaptations & malignancies failing to achieve these objectives They become stagnant and feel unproductive Maladaptation: Overextension Malignancy: Rejectivity.

Old adult stage

Stage Old adult stage Psychosoci al crisis Integrity vs Despair Significant relations society, the world, life issues and needs meaning and purpose, life achievements Positive outcome Negative outcome Maladaptations & malignancies If they see they lives as unproductive They develop integrity if feel guilt about their pasts, or feel they see unaccomplished their themselves as goals leading a successful life dissatisfied with life and develop despair (depression and hopelessness), Maladaptaion : Presumption Malignancy: Disdain.

CONCLUSION : n n Erikson's psychosocial theory basically asserts that people experience eight psychosocial crisis stages which significantly affect each person's development and personality. He say that the development is determined by the interaction of the body (genetic biological programming), mind (psychological) and cultural (ethos) influences and he organized life into eight stages that extend from birth to death

Reference : n n n http: //www. Encyclopedia. com-Ego psychology. http: //www. haverford. edu- Psychosocial Theory: Erikson. http: //www. businessballs. com –erikson psychosocial development theory.