Industrialization and Immigration Industry and Mechanization Standard parts

Industrialization and Immigration

Industry and Mechanization • Standard parts • Mass production • Routine labor • Low wages • Technology

Child Labor • Factory hours were long and rarely paid much • Often all members of a family would have to work including very young children • Shifts were usually 10 to 14 hours and the children were paid around 30 to 75 cents a day • Many children were injured at work, losing limbs or contracting disease

Newsies

Factory Workers

Boy Coal Miners

Boy Coal Miners

Coal Shifters

Bowling Pin Setters

Triangle Shirtwaist Fire • A fire broke out in a shirt factory where women worked • Factory managers would lock the doors to keep the women from going out on breaks • Someone put a cigarette in a trash can where it caught on fire and burned down the whole building • Women jumped to their deaths rather than burn

Corporations • Andrew Carnegie -$310 Bil U. S. Steel (1870 s) • John D. Rockefeller -$340 Bil Standard Oil (1880 s) • J. P. Morgan -$38 Bil Finance, Railroad, U. S. Steel (1900 s)

Standard Oil

Railroad 1870 s

Railroad 1890 s

Social Darwinism and Laissez Faire • Theory of capitalism • “Free markets” = no government intervention • Consumer demand • Competition creates innovation and keeps prices low

Muckrakers • Upton Sinclair was an author who wrote the book The Jungle • The purpose of The Jungle was to show Americans the terrible working conditions of the workers in the meat packaging plants • “I aimed at the public’s heart, and by accident I hit it in the stomach” • This kind of writing became known as “muckraking”

Inventions • Bessemer Process – creates stronger steel • Pressure sealed tin cans • Alternating currents – Nikola Tesla • Technology begins to replace workers

Urbanization • Manufacturing brought people into the cities • Industrialization = Growth in cities • Technological advances: sewage, elevators, piped water, electricity, subways, electric streetcar (1888)

City Life • Fast growing • Few social services or regulations • Tenement buildings – horrible living conditions • Ethnically organized – usually by areas of town or neighborhoods

Tenement Housing

Immigration Why did people leave their homes? What were the costs and benefits of moving?

Ellis Island • By 1892, most immigrants were screened and processed at Ellis Island • By 1900, 50% of immigrants were from Eastern and Southern Europe

Angel Island

Industrialization Immigration

Why did they come to the U. S. ? • Political and religious freedom • Better economic opportunities • Gold Rush • Encouraging letters from relatives • U. S. Government advertisements • U. S. business recruitment

American Protective Association • • • Americans formed groups to opposed the “immigrant threat” Supported laws to restrict certain groups of immigrants. Immigrant groups: Chinese, Central and Southern Europeans. Why did Old Immigrants resent New Immigrants? “inferior stocks” Plot by European governments to unload their prisoners and mentally ill. Chinese worked for 5 years and left the U. S. with U. S. money Labor Unions hated immigrants because employers would hire “scab” labor to replace workers if they had a “Labor Strike” US Govt. restricts immigration with the following: Chinese Exclusion Act and Ellis Island

Chinese Exclusion Act • Resentment and discrimination against the Chinese. • First law to restrict immigration. • Taking away jobs from Nativists Chinese Exclusion Act 1

Chinese Exclusion Act • President Hayes vetoed this act and Congress would override it. • He would not be reelected. • Chinese immigration would be outlawed until the 1920’s.

Immigration and National Culture • Between 1870 – 1910 = 20 million immigrants came to America • Bringing with them new cultures (foods, religions, traditions, languages, etc. ) • Assimilation: We wanted immigrants to forget their old way of life and become AMERICANS. • We even offered Americanization schools teaching English and American Culture

Nativism

Closure • Give 3 examples of Industrialization and Mechanization. • Who were the big three corporate leaders? What were they each the leader of? • What effect did industrialization have on cities? • What were the two ports immigrants came through? • What is assimilation? • Write a paragraph explaining the Nativist political cartoon.