Review of Industrialization Labor and Immigration Industry Labor

Review of Industrialization, Labor, and Immigration Industry Labor

1. Prior to (before) the 1870’s [note: some tests will use the 1890’s as the point of separation], most immigrants to America had come from: • • A. B. C. D. Africa Asia Northern and western Europe Southern and eastern Europe

1. C Northern and western Europe This question is often on the SOL test. Remember: Before 1870 -- immigrants came mainly from northern and western Europe After 1870 -- immigrants came mainly from southern and eastern Europe

2. Starting with the 1870’s [1890’s], and continuing through the turn of the century, most immigrants to America came from: • • A. B. C. D. Asia Northern and western Europe South America Southern and eastern Europe

2. D Southern and eastern Europe (Today’s immigrants come mainly from Central and South America and Asia. )

3. If you were an immigrant after the Civil War, which of the following would not likely apply to you? • • A. Settled in eastern urban (city) slums B. Welcomed by American workers C. Worked for low wages D. Faced social, religious, and economic persecution

3. B Welcomed by American workers and their unions were the greatest opponent of immigration. Immigrants caused wages to go down, since they were willing to work for less money than would Americans. Immigrants were frequently used as scabs, who replaced American workers who were on strike.

4. Congress, responding to resentment and hostility in California, agreed in 1882 to exclude this group from immigrating to America. Which group? • • A. B. C. D. Africans Chinese Irish Mexicans

4. B Chinese workers came to America during the 1860’s to help build the transcontinental railroad. More came later. This source of cheap labor kept wages low in California. This, coupled with racism, caused Californians to demand an end to Chinese immigration. Congress agreed, and passed the Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882.

5. Which American city was the first to respond to overcrowded conditions by constructing America’s first subway? • • A. B. C. D. Boston Chicago New York City Philadelphia

5. C New York City As overcrowding conditions grew worse, New York City responded in two ways: building taller buildings, and constructing an underground railway system.

6. You own stock in a corporation (big business). The company goes out of business, but still owes huge amounts of money to its creditors. You do not have to pay any of this debt. What describes the reason why you do not? • • A. B. C. D. Limited liability Pooling Rebates Stock watering

6. A Limited liability Pooling = companies divide up the market or a geographic area so they won’t have to compete with each other Rebates = railroad companies would give you a kick back or rebate (money) in order to get you to ship your products on their lines Stock watering = a company artificially inflates or exaggerates the value of the business in order to raise the price of its stock

7. With which industry do we associate the Bessemer Process? • • A. B. C. D. Food (meat packing) Oil Railroad Steel

7. D Steel One of the biggest problems with producing steel was impurities, which weakened the final product. In the Bessemer Process, air is forced into the molten iron to increase the heat, thus removing carbon and other impurities.

8. Which of the following is not correctly paired? • • A. B. C. D. Thomas Edison -- electric light bulb Alexander Graham Bell -- telegraph Wright brothers -- airplane Henry Ford -- assembly line production

8. B Alexander Graham Bell -- telegraph Alexander Graham Bell = telephone Samuel F. B. Morse = telegraph

9. Which of the following is correctly paired? • • A. Andrew Carnegie -- oil, Standard Oil Trust B. J. P. Morgan -- finance, banking C. John D. Rockefeller -- steel D. Cornelius Vanderbilt -- sugar, food (meat packing)

9. B J. P. Morgan -- finance, banking Carnegie = steel Rockefeller = oil, Standard Oil Trust Morgan = finance, banking Vanderbilt = railroads, shipping

10. The American Federation of Labor and other labor unions opposed immigration in the second half of the 19 th century (1800’s). What was the main reason for this opposition? • A. Their members were mainly Protestants; the immigrants were mainly Catholic and Jewish • B. They feared that the American culture would change for the worse • C. They disliked the socialist and communist ideas that the foreigners brought with them from Europe • D. They knew that immigrants would work for lower wages than would an American laborer

10. D They knew that immigrants would work for lower wages than would an American laborer Think about what the question asked: the main, or most important, reason why unions opposed immigration. All the answers are correct, but the one which is most correct (or most important) is D.

11. What law originally made monopolies illegal? • • A. B. C. D. Clayton Anti-trust Act Elkins Act Interstate Commerce Act Sherman Anti-trust Act

11. D Sherman Anti-trust Act Responding reluctantly to public pressure, Congress passed the Sherman Anti-Trust Act in 1890. It made illegal any business combination (trust or monopoly) that resulted in restraint of trade. The courts frequently ruled against this law in favor of business, and it was largely ineffective until the administration of Theodore Roosevelt. The Clayton Anti-trust Act strengthened the Sherman Act. The Elkins Act made it illegal for railroads to give rebates. The Interstate Commerce Act created the Interstate Commerce Commission to prevent railroads from price fixing and pooling.

12. Which event brought about the most change in American life styles during the late nineteenth and early 20 th centuries? • • A. B. C. D. Settlement of the west Industry and technology Growth of urban America Civil rights

12. B Industry and technology went hand in hand, each encouraging the growth of the other. Together, they increased the population of the U. S. through immigrants seeking employment; they increased the settlement of the west by creating new production methods as well as a market for that production; cities grew and expanded around industry and business. Civil rights was pretty much a dead issue in America from the end of Reconstruction to the 1950’s.

13. Immigration experienced an explosive growth from c. 1890 to the First World War mainly for what reason? • • A. B. C. D. Lax U. S. immigration laws Abundance of cheap farm land in the west America’s Open Door Policy Growth of American industry

13. D Growth of American industry Once again, think about what the question asked: the main reason for the growth in immigration. Answers A, B, and D are all correct, but D is the one which is most correct. The Open Door Policy has nothing to do with immigration; it belongs to American foreign policy: an insistence that the countries of the world respect each other’s right to freely trade with China.

14. In the late 19 th / early 20 th centuries, household tasks were simplified and eased mainly because of: • A. Smaller families (fewer children) • B. Fewer women worked outside the home • C. The introduction of a new power source (electricity) • D. Cheap immigrant labor meant families could hire household servants

14. C The introduction of a new power source (electricity) Once again, all of the answers were correct. C, however, is the main cause for the change in the nature of housework, with the introduction of labor-saving electrical devises.

15. Events, such as the Martinsburg railroad strike, the Haymarket Riot, the Homestead strike, and the Pullman strike mainly: • A. Led to an improvement in workers’ wages and working conditions • B. Caused a negative public reaction against labor violence • C. Brought about laws to limit the number of immigrants (who were frequently used as scabs) coming into the country • D. Caused a negative public reaction against the employers and business owners

15. B Caused a negative public reaction against labor violence As strikes became increasingly violent, many people turned against the unions.

16. The Martinsburg railroad strike, the Homestead strike, and the Pullman strike were all put down (ended) by: • • A. Troops were sent in B. Strike breakers (Pinkertons) beat up the strikers C. Scabs replaced the striking workers D. The owners outlasted the strikers, and the workers gave up

16. A Troops were sent in If strikes turned violent, and people were hurt or property was destroyed, or if the strike interfered with railroad transportation or the delivery of the mail, state or federal troops were sometimes sent in to forcibly end the strike.

17. Prior to F. D. R. and the New Deal, what was the position of the U. S. government in the labor-business disputes? • • A. Government ignored the problems B. Government sided with business C. Government sided with labor D. Government was an even-handed mediator between business and labor

17. B Government sided with business During the Gilded Age, government took the side of business in labor-industry disputes. During the Progressive era, government was more even handed. During the 1920’s, government was pro-business. Starting with Franklin Roosevelt’s New Deal, government began to take the side of the workers. In government/labor/industry relations, you have to look at the party of the President. In general, if he is a Republican he is pro-business; if he is a Democrat, he is pro-labor.

18. Men, such as Alexander G. Bell, Thomas Edison, Westinghouse, Wright brothers, Ford, were: • • A. B. C. D. Immigrants Inventors Politicians Soldiers

18. B Inventors Bell -- telephone Edison -- electric light Westinghouse -- air brakes for railroads, refrigerated railroad cars Wright brothers -- airplane Ford -- automobile, assembly line production

19. Which of the following best explains the differences between the Knights of Labor and the American Federation of Labor? • A. The Knights of Labor’s membership was open to all workers, while the AFL accepted only skilled workers • B. Samuel Gompers led the Knights of Labor, while the AFL was led by Terrence Powderly • C. The goals of the Knights was mainly centered around excluding immigrants from the American workforce • D. The Knights were better at getting their demands met than was the AFL

19. A The Knights of Labor’s membership was open to all workers, while the AFL accepted only skilled workers The Knights of Labor was too broad and inclusive a union to be practical. It included skilled and unskilled workers, factory and farm workers. Its goals were too general. The AFL, on the other hand, limited its membership to skilled workers; these were much harder to replace in a strike, so the AFL had more bargaining power. Its goals were simple: higher wages and better working conditions. Gompers = AFL Powderly = Knights of Labor

20. Which of the following does not apply to Eugene V. Debs? • • A. B. C. D. Industrial unionist Capitalist Socialist Pullman Strike

20. B Capitalist Debs was a socialist, not a capitalist. As leader of the American Railway Union, he called the Pullman Strike. When the strike turned violent, Debs was arrested; he spent much of his adult life in jail because of his union activities. Debs was an “industrial unionist. ” Like the old Knights of Labor, he believed that a union should represent all workers in an industry, not just the skilled ones.

21. Which labor action ended up costing workers all of their gains made during a Chicago mass strike in 1883? • • A. B. C. D. Haymarket Riot Homestead Strike Martinsburg railroad strike Pullman Strike

21. A. Haymarket Riot In a mass strike in Chicago for better wages and shorter working hours, the workers won. However, in a rally to protest police brutality, someone threw a bomb into the ranks of the police; in the ensuing riot, more police and some workers were killed. The public turned against the strikers, and the workers lost what they had gained by the strike. Homestead Strike = strike against the Carnegie mill in Homestead, Pennsylvania Pullman Strike = strike against the Pullman railroad car company in Pullman, Illinois Martinsburg Strike = strike against the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad in Martinsburg, West Virginia; spread to other industries

22. With which industry do we associate the Homestead Strike? • • A. B. C. D. Farming Steel Railroads and coal mines Clothing

22. B Steel Carnegie’s manager, Henry Frick, cut workers wages during one of the economic downturns in the 1890’s. The workers responded by going on strike. Frick brought in Pinkerton agents to break up the strike. Violence resulted. The Governor of Pennsylvania sent in troops to restore order, and scabs were brought in to work the steel mill. The workers gave up and came back to work. Their wages were cut even more, and their working hours increased. Later, someone shot Henry Frick. Carnegie’s reputation in America was hurt as a result his company’s handling of the strike.

23. During the period following the Civil War, there was an intense movement of settlers into which section of America? • • A. South B. Pacific coast C. Rural areas of the northeast D. The land between the Mississippi River and the Rocky Mountains

23. D The land between the Mississippi River and the Rocky Mountains Northeastern rural areas were settled during the colonial period or shortly thereafter. The Pacific coast was settled mainly in the 1840’s. The South was settled prior to the Civil War. The last great open area left for settlement in the contiguous United States was the Great Plains.

24. During the years immediately following the Civil War, a ______ empire built up on the unfenced open land of the west. • • A. B. C. D. Cattle Corn Cotton Wheat

24. A Cattle Cotton = south Corn and wheat = Great Plains Wild and unclaimed cattle were rounded up in the west and driven to railroad terminals for shipment to the slaughter houses of Chicago and other cities. Later, the open land was fenced in, and cattle raising became a more organized business.

25. What 1862 law gave away land in the Great Plains to those who would settle, live on, and farm the land? • • A. B. C. D. Homestead Act Land Reclamation Act Manifest Destiny Morrill Landgrant Act

25. A Homestead Act If the Great Plains, the last great open unsettled area in America, were settled, it would serve both as a supplier of food and raw materials to eastern industry as well as a market for eastern-produced industrial goods. To encourage settlement, Congress gave away the Great Plains. To claim 160 acres of land, one merely had to pay a small legal fee, and live on and improve the land. The Morill Landgrant Act created public mechanical and agricultural colleges, such as: Michigan State, Virginia Tech, etc.

26. Which of the following might be more likely to move west after the Civil War? • • A. B. C. D. Eastern banker Skilled factory worker Southerners and African-Americans Farmer in Indiana

26. C Southerners and African-Americans The key here is the date: after the Civil War. Many southerners and African-Americans had lost everything or had their lives turned upside down; the west offered them a chance for a new start. The others mentioned (banker, skilled worker, northern farmer) were comfortably fixed, and had no need to move in search of a better life.

27. Which of the following would not have influenced the economy of the new lands opening up in the west? • • A. B. C. D. Bessemer furnace Mc. Cormick’s mechanical reaper Railroads Refrigerated rail cars

27. A Bessemer furnace Bessemer Process = steel making The reaper made it easier to harvest grain; the railroads took the crops and cattle to markets in the east, and brought finished products back to sell; refrigerated rail cars made it possible to ship meats and vegetables to markets long distances away.

28. During the late 1800’s, what was the primary immigration processing center in America? • • A. B. C. D. Castle Gardens Ellis Island Five Points Hull House

28. B Ellis Island in New York City became the chief immigrant processing center in America. Most immigrants from Europe entered America in the late 1800’s through Ellis Island. There they answered background questions and were checked for diseases. Castle Gardens = an earlier immigrant processing center Five Points = infamous Irish immigrant slum area of New York City Hull House = immigrant welfare, social, and education center founded by Jane Addams in Chicago

29. Which of the following groups did not contribute heavily to the manpower needed to build the transcontinental railroad? • • A. B. C. D. African-Americans Chinese Irish Slavs and Italians

29. D Slavs and Italians Chinese = Central Pacific Railroad, California to Utah Irish and African-Americans = Union Pacific Railroad, Nebraska to Utah The transcontinental railroad was built between 1862 and 1869. Slavs (Russians, some Eastern Europeans) and Italians did not arrive in significant numbers until after 1870.

30. Which of the following groups would not have been found among the coal miners in the east? • • A. B. C. D. Russians Poles Irish Chinese

30. D Chinese The Chinese were mainly in the west (California).

31. As an immigrant ship would pull into New York harbor, one of the immigrants’ first views of America would have been: • • A. B. C. D. Ellis Island Empire State Building Five Points slum area Statue of Liberty

31. D Statue of Liberty “Give me your tired, your poor, your huddled masses yearning to breathe free…. ” The statue stood as a welcoming beacon to the newcomers.

32. Which institution was most important in helping immigrants assimilate into the American “melting pot” culture? • • A. B. C. D. Local Boss-run urban government Local ethnic-based clubs Labor Unions Public schools

32. D Public schools In this question, city Bosses, ethnic clubs, and public schools are all correct; public schools is the most correct answer. The key to assimilation was education, mainly in the English language and American history. Unions were anti-immigrant.

33. Which decade saw the most restrictions placed on immigration? • • A. B. C. D. 1870’s 1890’s 1910’s 1920’s

33. D 1920’s Between 1870 and World War I, so many immigrants came into America that one out of every 3 Americans was foreign born. By 1920, America had enough. Starting in 1921, the government limited both the number of immigrants who were allowed to come in, and the type (place of origin). Immigration was reduced from a flood to a trickle. Starting with the 1970’s, however, the trickle once again became a flood.

34. Which of the following least applies to the lives of immigrants from the 1870’s to World War I? • A. Readily and easily assimilated into the American mainstream • B. Low paid jobs in urban industrial centers • C. Tenements and slum living conditions • D. Social and religious discrimination

34. A Readily and easily assimilated into the American mainstream Assimilation (blending in, becoming a part of) was slow for immigrants. Poor and isolated in the slum tenements of northern urban (city) areas, they were often discriminated against because of their ethnic and religious background.

35. In the year 1900, if a new state were added to the United States, it would come from which geographic region? • A. Northeast • B. Close to the eastern range of the Rocky Mountains • C. Pacific Coast • D. Southeastern Gulf Coast

35. B Close to the eastern range of the Rocky Mountains With the exception of Washington (1889), all northeast, Pacific coast, and southeast Gulf coast regions became states prior to the Civil War.

This ends the review of industrialization, labor, and immigration.