GALENICALS DEPARTMENT OF PHARMACEUTICS EXTRACTION Extraction term Pharmaceutically
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GALENICALS DEPARTMENT OF PHARMACEUTICS
EXTRACTION • Extraction term Pharmaceutically involves the separation of medicinally active portions of plant or animal tissues from the inactive or inert components by using selective solvents in standard extraction procedures.
INFUSION • An infusion is a dilute solution of the readily soluble constituents of crude drugs • Fresh infusions are prepared by macerating the solids for a short period of time with either cold or boiling water
Decoction • Once this is a popular process for extracts of water soluble and heat stable constituents from crude drugs by boiling in water for 15 min, cooling , straining and passing sufficient cold water through the drug to produce the required volume
Digestion • This is a form of maceration in which gentle heat is used during the process of extraction. • It is used when moderately elevated temperatures is not objectionable and the solvent efficiency of the menstruum in increased thereby
Maceration • This process the solid ingredients are placed in a stoppered container with prescribed solvent and allowed to stand for 3 days with frequent agitation • The soluble matter dissolved will be filtered magma washed with sufficient quantitiy of prescribed solvent (mixtures) and the filterates were combined
Percolation • Ground solids were mixed with appropriate solvents to make them damp • Allowed to stand for 15 min • Transferred to a percolator and packed • Sufficient prescribed solvent is added to saturate the solids • The solids are allowed to macerate for 24 hrs or for a prescribed time • The percolate are collected • If necessary percolate is diluted with the solvent to produce a solution to meet the standards
INFUSION POT PERCLATOR PACKED WITH CRUDE DRUG
PERCOLATR WITH STEAM JACKET SIMPLE PERCOLATOR
PERCOLATOR FOR VOLATILE MENSTRUUM PERCOLATOR FOR OPERATION UNDER REDUCED PRESSURE
BASKET PRESS HOT CONTINOUS PERCOLATION
EXTRACTION METHODS Examples A. MACERATION i) Simple maceration Tincture of Orange Tincture of Lemon Tincture of Squill. ii) Maceration of unorganized drug / Maceration Tincture of Tolu Balsam with adjustment Compound Tincture of Benzoin iii) Multiple Maceration a) Double maceration b) Triple maceration Concentrated infusion of orange. Concentrated infusion of chirata Concentrated infusion of gentian Concentrated infusion of Quassia Concentrated infusion of Senna
EXTRACTION METHODS B. PERCOLATION Examples i) Simple percolation Tincture of Belladonna Compound tincture of cardamom Strong tincture of ginger etc. ii) Reserved percolation Liquid extract of Liquorice iii) Continuous hot percolation / Soxhlation Cantharidin from cantharides Alkaloids from seeds C. INFUSION Fresh infusion of Quassia i) Fresh infusion Concentrated compound infusion of ii) Concentrated infusion chirata Concentrated compound infusion of gentian D. DECOCTION No official preparations in IP or BP.
Comparison between the methods of extraction Extraction method Time for extraction Temperature Characteristics of the active constituents Soluble in the menstruum Heat stable / unstable Maceration 3 -7 days Room temp Percolation 24 hours Room temp Digestion Few days Moderately high Cold or boiling water Heat stable Infusion Short period Boiling water Readily soluble Decoction 15 mins Boiling water Soluble in the menstruum Heat stable / unstable Water soluble Heat stable
EXTRACTIVE PREPARATIONS
TINCTURES • Defined as alcoholic or hydroalcoholic solutions prepared from vegetable materials or chemical substances(Iodine tincture) • Potency can be adjusted following the assay • 10 gm drug/100 ml tincture (Potent tincture)
Fluid extracts • Defined as liquid preparations of vegetable drugs containing alcohol as a solvent or as preservative or both • Each ml fluid extract = 1 gm standard drug
EXTRACTS – FORM WISE Solid/Pilular extracts • Have consistency to be used as pills • Also suited for ointments and suppositories preparation • Ex: Pure Glycyrrhiza extract
EXTRACTS – FORM WISE Powdered extracts • Better suited to be incorporated as dry formulations as in capsules • Drugs that contain inactive oily or fatty matter should be defatted inorder to avoid possible loss of activity of the active constituents • Ex: • Belladona extract USP
EXTRACTS – FORM WISE Semiliquid extracts or extracts of syrupy consistency • They are used to prepare pharmaceutical preparations • Mostly they are medicinal agents with therapeutic property as well as they are used as vehicles
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