Pharmaceutical Dosage forms Pharmaceutical Dosage forms Definition Dosage

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Pharmaceutical Dosage forms

Pharmaceutical Dosage forms

Pharmaceutical Dosage forms • Definition: • Dosage forms is the form in which a

Pharmaceutical Dosage forms • Definition: • Dosage forms is the form in which a drug is administered to or used by a patient such as tablets, capsules, injections …. . etc.

Dosage forms classification Liquid Dosage forms 1. Solution 2. Suspension 3. Emulsion Solid Dosage

Dosage forms classification Liquid Dosage forms 1. Solution 2. Suspension 3. Emulsion Solid Dosage form 1. Tablets 2. capsules Semisolid D. F. 1. Ointment 2. Cream 3. Paste 4. gel Molded D. F. 1. Suppositories 2. Pessaries Sterile D. F. 1. Injection 2. Ophthalmics

I. Liquid Dosage Forms 1 - Solutions 2 - Suspensions 3 - Emulsions

I. Liquid Dosage Forms 1 - Solutions 2 - Suspensions 3 - Emulsions

1 - Solutions A group of preparations in which molecules of solute (solid, liquid

1 - Solutions A group of preparations in which molecules of solute (solid, liquid & gas) are dispersed among those of the liquid solvent. • Solutions used for specific therapeutic effect either internal or external • Solutions can be classified according to the vehicle to 1 - Aqueous 2 - Non aqueous • Advantages: 1. Easy to be used by pediatrics and geriatrics 2. More quickly effective than tablets and capsules 3. Give uniform dose than suspension (not need shacking) • Disadvantages: 1. Less stable than solid dosage forms (hydrolysis and oxidation) 2. Difficult to mask unpleasant taste and odour 3. Bulky to carry around

Aqueous solutions • Aqueous solutions: Are liquid preparations that contain one or more soluble

Aqueous solutions • Aqueous solutions: Are liquid preparations that contain one or more soluble chemical substances dissolved in water • Uses: it is used both as a vehicle or solvent for the medicinal ingredients • Advantages: it is tasteless odorless, free from irritating qualities

Aqueous solutions cont… Examples of aqueous solution preparations 1 - Aromatic water • Or

Aqueous solutions cont… Examples of aqueous solution preparations 1 - Aromatic water • Or medicated water is clear saturated aqueous solution of volatile or aromatic substance used as perfumed liquid • e. g. peppermint water 2 - Syrups • (Sweet and / or viscid solution) are concentrated solutions of sugar as sugar in water: – Simple syrup: sugar in purified water only – Flavored syrup: when flavor is added to the syrup 3 - Douches: • Are aqueous solutions directed against a part or into cavity of the body used as cleansing or antiseptic agents such as eyes, pharyngeal and vaginal douches 4 - Enemas: • Rectal injection employed to evacuate the bowel. They may possess anathematic, nutritive, sedative properties

Aqueous solutions cont… Examples of aqueous solution preparations 5 - Gargles: • Aqueous solution

Aqueous solutions cont… Examples of aqueous solution preparations 5 - Gargles: • Aqueous solution containing antiseptics, antibiotics or anesthetics used to treat pharynx and nasopharynx 6 - Mouth wash: • Aqueous solutions containing antibiotics and flavoring agents to reduce plaque, dental caries……etc. 7 - Nasal solutions: • Aqueous solutions designed to be administered to the nasal passages in drops or sprays and used to reduce nasal decongestion 8 - Otic Solutions: • Aqueous solutions used for topical administration in ear

Non-aqueous solution: • "Are solutions containing minor quantities of the toxic solvents such as

Non-aqueous solution: • "Are solutions containing minor quantities of the toxic solvents such as benzene, acetone…. . etc. " – External products will contain methanol, isopropanol, PEG, ethers…etc. – Internal products will contain ethanol, glycol and oils

Examples of Non aqueous solvents 1 -Elixirs: • Are clear, pleasant sweetened hydroalcoholic liquids

Examples of Non aqueous solvents 1 -Elixirs: • Are clear, pleasant sweetened hydroalcoholic liquids intended for oral use • The main ingredients in elixirs are ethanol and water, also glycerin and sorbitol are used. The alcohol content in elixir may be small or high. 2 - Spirits: • Also known as essences are hydroalcholic solutions of volatile substances containing 50 -90% alcohol. • The high alcohol content is intended to make the oil to be dissolved in water. • Examples: medicinal spirits, aromatic ammonia or flavoring agent spirits, compound orange spirit 3 - Glycerins: • Or glycerites are solutions containing not less than 50% glycerin by weight. It is valuable pharmaceutical solvent

II. Suspensions: • • • Suspension: is a two phase system consisting of a

II. Suspensions: • • • Suspension: is a two phase system consisting of a finely divided insoluble solid dispersed in a liquid. The particle size of the dispersed solid is usually greater than 0. 5 um. The liquid may be oily or aqueous. Advantages: Used to supply insoluble drugs in a liquid form Used when the drug is unstable in an aqueous medium The taste can be improved if supplied in suspension rather than in a liquid form Used to control the rate of absorption for parentrels Properties of good suspension: The dispersed solid should settle slowly and easily redispersed on shacking The particles should not cake on settling Suitable viscosity that the preparation pours easily It must be chemically stable with elegant appearance

II. Suspensions: cont… • The main ingredients (components) in a suspension: • The drug

II. Suspensions: cont… • The main ingredients (components) in a suspension: • The drug • External medium usually water • Wetting agent • Flocculating agents • Suspending agent • Agents to adjust p. H (buffers) • Flavoring sweetening and colouring agents • Preservatives

III. Emulsions: • Definition: Emulsion is a two-phase system prepared by combining two immiscible

III. Emulsions: • Definition: Emulsion is a two-phase system prepared by combining two immiscible liquids, one of which is dispersed uniformly throughout the other using an emulsifying agent • It consists of two phases: – Internal phase or dispersed phase (solute) – External phase or dispersion medium (vehicle) • Types of emulsions: • 1 - O/W emulsions: Oil dispersed, water dispersion • 2 - W/O emulsions: Water dispersed, Oil dispersion

III. Emulsions: cont… • Advantages of emulsions: • Masked the unpleasant taste or odour

III. Emulsions: cont… • Advantages of emulsions: • Masked the unpleasant taste or odour of oil and oil soluble drugs • Solubility of many drugs is increased when incorporated in emulsion • Stability of many drugs is increased in emulsion form • Prolonged action of drugs is obtained in emulsion form • Disadvantages of Emulsions: • Physical un-stability of emulsion may occur due to the coalescence of the small dispersed globule forming large globules • Creaming or cracking of emulsion