FACTORS ACCOUNTING FOR WRITING APPREHENSION OF VIETNAMESE EFL

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FACTORS ACCOUNTING FOR WRITING APPREHENSION OF VIETNAMESE EFL UNDERGRADUATES Tran Hoa Mi Tin T.

FACTORS ACCOUNTING FOR WRITING APPREHENSION OF VIETNAMESE EFL UNDERGRADUATES Tran Hoa Mi Tin T. Dang

Introduction 1 2 Literature review 3 Methodology 4 Findings 5 12/4/2020 Implications and Further

Introduction 1 2 Literature review 3 Methodology 4 Findings 5 12/4/2020 Implications and Further Research Tran Hoa Mi - Tin T. Dang 2

1. Introduction 1. 1. Rationale • Significance of achieving proficiency in writing in English

1. Introduction 1. 1. Rationale • Significance of achieving proficiency in writing in English (Lindemann, 1995; Pingping, 2006) • Effects of EFL learners’ writing apprehension on their outcomes (Al_Sawalha & Chow, 2012) • Little research on writing apprehension of Vietnamese EFL undergraduates 12/4/2020 Tran Hoa Mi - Tin T. Dang 3

1. Introduction 1. 2. Research aims • To understand Vietnamese EFL undergraduates’ levels of

1. Introduction 1. 2. Research aims • To understand Vietnamese EFL undergraduates’ levels of writing apprehension • To examine factors that might mediate students’ writing apprehension 12/4/2020 Tran Hoa Mi - Tin T. Dang 4

2. Literature Review 2. 1. Definition - Writing apprehension (WA) is a person’s tendencies

2. Literature Review 2. 1. Definition - Writing apprehension (WA) is a person’s tendencies to approach or avoid writing situations accompanied by some amount of perceived evaluation (Daly & Wilson, 1983). - WA is a “distress associated with writing and a profound distaste for the process” (Madigan, Linton & Johnson, 1996, p. 295). 12/4/2020 Tran Hoa Mi - Tin T. Dang 5

2. Literature Review 2. 2. Characteristics of apprehensive individuals Aspects Written products Sources Daly,

2. Literature Review 2. 2. Characteristics of apprehensive individuals Aspects Written products Sources Daly, 1977; Faigley, Daly & Witte, 1981; Hassan, 2001 Writing competency Daly, 1978; Faigley et al. , 1981; Lee & Krashen, 2002; Singh & Rajalingam, 2012 Writing process Al_Sawalha & Chow, 2012; Gungle & Taylor, 1989; Masny & Foxall, 1992; Self, 1981 Behaviors in writing Daly & Miller, 1975 b; Daly & Wilson, 1983; Masny & Foxall, 1992; Selfe, 1981; Singh & Rajalingam, 2012 Attitudes towards writing 12/4/2020 Daly, 1978; Daly & Wilson, 1983; Selfe, 1981; Singh & Rajalingam, 2012 Tran Hoa Mi - Tin T. Dang 6

2. Literature Review 2. 2. Characteristics of apprehensive individuals Avoidance Behaviors Low self-confidence Unpleasantness

2. Literature Review 2. 2. Characteristics of apprehensive individuals Avoidance Behaviors Low self-confidence Unpleasantness Attitudes Fear of evaluation 12/4/2020 Tran Hoa Mi - Tin T. Dang 7

2. Literature Review 2. 3. Factors accounting for writing apprehension Factors Sources Learning experience

2. Literature Review 2. 3. Factors accounting for writing apprehension Factors Sources Learning experience Latif, 2007; Lee, 2002; Powell, 1984 Lack of linguistic knowledge Latif, 2007; Öztürk & Çeçen, 2007 Comparison deficiency Daly, 1985 Misunderstanding of composing process Lee & Krashen, 1997 Perceived writing performance improvement Instructional practices Latif, 2007 Nature of writing task Faigley et al. , 1981; Huwari & Aziz, 2011 Time constraint Raisman, 1982 12/4/2020 Latif, 2007 Tran Hoa Mi - Tin T. Dang 8

2. Literature Review 2. Literature review 2. 3. Factors accounting for writing apprehension Not

2. Literature Review 2. Literature review 2. 3. Factors accounting for writing apprehension Not learning writing previously Negative results in L 1 learning Learning experience Factors Lack of linguistic knowledge Low grades in previous essay exams Lack of teacher’s feedback Teacher’s ineffective feedback Teacher’s criticism 12/4/2020 Tran Hoa Mi - Tin T. Dang 9

3. Methodology 3. 1. Research questions • To what extent do Vietnamese EFL undergraduates

3. Methodology 3. 1. Research questions • To what extent do Vietnamese EFL undergraduates experience writing apprehension? • What are factors that might mediate students’ writing apprehension? 12/4/2020 Tran Hoa Mi - Tin T. Dang 10

3. Methodology 3. 2. Participants Vietnamese EFL undergraduates at Nguyen Tat Thanh University, HCMC,

3. Methodology 3. 2. Participants Vietnamese EFL undergraduates at Nguyen Tat Thanh University, HCMC, Vietnam 3. 3. Instruments a questionnaire designed in a five-point Likert scale format 1: strongly disagree 2: disagree 3: uncertain 4: agree 5: strongly agree 12/4/2020 Tran Hoa Mi - Tin T. Dang 11

3. Methodology 3. 3. Instruments Personal information WA Scales Year of birth Behaviors Attitudes

3. Methodology 3. 3. Instruments Personal information WA Scales Year of birth Behaviors Attitudes Questionnaire Avoidance Low self-confidence Unpleasantness Fear of evaluation Not learning writing previously Factors accounting for WA 12/4/2020 Gender Negative results in L 1 learning Learning experience Low grades in previous essay exams Lack of teacher’s feedback Lack of linguistic knowledge Tran Hoa Mi - Tin T. Dang Teacher’s ineffective feedback Teacher’s criticism 12

3. Methodology 3. 3. Instruments WRITING APPREHENSION SCALES Evidence of WA Avoidance N of

3. Methodology 3. 3. Instruments WRITING APPREHENSION SCALES Evidence of WA Avoidance N of items 6 Samples If possible, I will not choose jobs that require me to write in English. Behaviors Low selfconfidence Unpleasantness Attitudes Fear of evaluation 12/4/2020 6 6 5 I’m not good at writing in English. I find writing in English unrewarding. I don’t like my English writings to be evaluated. Tran Hoa Mi - Tin T. Dang 13

3. Methodology 3. 3. Instruments FACTORS ACCOUNTING FOR WRITING APPREHENSION Factors Samples N of

3. Methodology 3. 3. Instruments FACTORS ACCOUNTING FOR WRITING APPREHENSION Factors Samples N of items I did not learn how to compose English writings in my lower Learning Not learning writing 4 levels of education. experience previously I experienced negative outcomes in learning Vietnamese. Negative results in L 1 6 learning I got low scores in my previous final English essay exams. Low grades in previous 3 essay exams My teacher did not give feedback on my English writings. Lack of teacher’s 5 feedback My teacher’s feedback on my English writings was Teacher’s ineffective 5 incomprehensible feedback Teacher’s criticism Lack of linguistic knowledge 12/4/2020 4 My teacher overused criticism of my English writings. 5 My deficient English linguistic knowledge hinders my English writing ability. Tran Hoa Mi - Tin T. Dang 14

3. Methodology 3. 3. Instruments Analyze Distribute Revise Consult Translate Design 12/4/2020 Tran Hoa

3. Methodology 3. 3. Instruments Analyze Distribute Revise Consult Translate Design 12/4/2020 Tran Hoa Mi - Tin T. Dang 15

4. Findings 4. 1. Writing apprehension level Aspects N of Cronbach’s Mean SD alpha

4. Findings 4. 1. Writing apprehension level Aspects N of Cronbach’s Mean SD alpha items Avoidance 6 . 886 2. 681. 996 Low self-confidence 6 3. 898. 517 Unpleasantness 3 . 703 . 928 Fear of evaluation 5 . 910 3. 036 1. 067 2. 390 1. 196 Table 4. 1. Evidence of writing apprehension 12/4/2020 Tran Hoa Mi - Tin T. Dang 16

4. Findings 4. 2. Factors accounting for writing apprehension Learning experience Factors Not learning

4. Findings 4. 2. Factors accounting for writing apprehension Learning experience Factors Not learning writing previously N of Cronbach’s items alpha Mean SD 3 . 811 3. 048 1. 056 Negative results in L 1 learning 6 . 843 1. 607 . 624 Low grades in previous essay exams 3 . 776 3. 454 . 752 Lack of teacher’s feedback 4 . 845 2. 810 . 961 Teacher’s ineffective feedback 4 . 747 2. 540 . 713 Teacher’s criticism 4 . 815 2. 198 . 751 . 909 3. 139. 953 Lack of linguistic knowledge 5 Table 4. 2. Factors accounting for writing apprehension 12/4/2020 Tran Hoa Mi - Tin T. Dang 17

4. Findings 4. 3. The relationship among factors accounting for WA and evidence of

4. Findings 4. 3. The relationship among factors accounting for WA and evidence of WA Avoidance Pearson Correlation . 250** -. 030 . 083 . 202* . 306** . 195* . 231* . 007 . 752 . 374 . 030 . 001 . 036 . 013 . 206* -. 079 . 161 . 224* . 065 -. 040 . 266** . 026 . 398 . 085 . 016 . 486 . 672 . 004 -. 089 -. 043 -. 024 . 214* . 118 . 094 . 131 Sig. (2 -tailed) . 344 . 649 . 799 . 021 . 208 . 313 . 161 Pearson Correlation . 064 -. 071 -. 051 . 156 . 073 -. 016 . 136 Sig. (2 -tailed) . 493 . 448 . 587 . 095 . 437 . 864 . 144 Sig. (2 -tailed) Low selfconfidence Pearson Correlation Sig. (2 -tailed) Unpleasantness Fear of evaluation Not Low grades Lack of Teacher's Negative Lack of learning results in in previous teacher's ineffective Teacher’s linguistic writing L 1 learning essay criticism knowledge feedback previously exams Pearson Correlation **. Correlation is significant at the 0. 01 level (2 -tailed). *. Correlation is significant at the 0. 05 level (2 -tailed). N = 116 Table 4. 3. Correlations among factors accounting for WA and evidence of WA 12/4/2020 Tran Hoa Mi - Tin T. Dang 18

4. Findings 4. 4. Summary • Students reflected their WA in two aspects: low

4. Findings 4. 4. Summary • Students reflected their WA in two aspects: low self-confidence and fear of evaluation. • Three factors caused WA for students: (1) Not learning writing previously, (2) Low grades in previous essay exams, and (3) Lack of linguistic knowledge. • Avoidance and low self-confidence behavior correlated to many factors. 12/4/2020 Tran Hoa Mi - Tin T. Dang 19

5. Implications and further research 5. 1. Implications • Build students’ confidence • Avoid

5. Implications and further research 5. 1. Implications • Build students’ confidence • Avoid formal evaluations of early essays • Handle factors that contribute to students’ apprehension about writing • Treat factors that affect students’ manifestations of WA 12/4/2020 Tran Hoa Mi - Tin T. Dang 20

5. Implications and further research 5. 2. Further research • cover a more varied

5. Implications and further research 5. 2. Further research • cover a more varied range of factors • invite a larger number of participants • conduct in-depth interview 12/4/2020 Tran Hoa Mi - Tin T. Dang 21

REFERENCES Al_Sawalha, A. M. S. & Chow, T. V. F. (2012). The effects of

REFERENCES Al_Sawalha, A. M. S. & Chow, T. V. F. (2012). The effects of writing apprehension in English on the writing process of Jordanian EFL students at Yarmouk University. International Interdisciplinary Journal of Education, 1 (1), 6 – 14. Daly, J. A. (1977). The effects of writing apprehension on message encoding. Journalism Quarterly, 54(3), 566 -572. Daly, J. A. (1978). Writing apprehension and writing competency. The Journal of Educational Research, 72, 10 -14. Daly, J. A. (1985). Writing apprehension. In M. Rose (Ed. ), When a Writer can’t Write (pp. 43 -82). New York: Guilford. Daly, J. A. , & Miller, M. D. (1975 b, winter 1975). Further studies in writing apprehension: SAT scores, success expectations, willingness to take advanced courses and sex differences. Research in the. Teaching of English, 9 (3), 250 -256. Daly, J. A. , & Wilson, D. A. (1983). Writing apprehension, self-esteem, and personality. Research in the Teaching of English, 17, 327 -341. Faigley, L. , Daly, J. A. , & Witte, S. P. (1981). The role of writing apprehension in writing performance and writing competency. Journal of Educational Research, 75, 16 -21. Gungle, B. W. , & Taylor, V. (1989). Writing apprehension and second language writers. In D. M. Johnson, & D. H. Roen (Eds. ), Richness in writing: Empowering ESL students (pp. 235248). New York: Longman. 12/4/2020 Tran Hoa Mi - Tin T. Dang 22

REFERENCES Hassan, B. (2001). The relationship of writing apprehension and self-esteem to the writing

REFERENCES Hassan, B. (2001). The relationship of writing apprehension and self-esteem to the writing quality and quantity of EFL university students. Mansoura Faculty of Education Journal, 39, 1 -36. Huwari, I. F. , & Aziz, N. H. A. (2011). Writing apprehension in English among Jordanian postgraduate students at Universiti Utara Malaysia (UUM). Academic Research International, 1 (2), 190 – 198. Latif, M. A. (2007). The factors accounting for the Egyptian EFL university students’ negative writing affect. Essex Graduate Student Papers in Language & Linguistics, 9, 57 -82. Lee, S. Y. , & Krashen, S. (1997). Writing apprehension in Chinese as a first language. ITL: Review of Applied Linguistics, 115 -116, 27 -37. Lee, S. Y. (2002). The influence of cognitive/affective factors on L 1/L 2 literacy transfers. Studies in English Language and Literature, 10, 17 -32. Lee, S. Y. , & Krashen, S. (2002). Predictors of success in writing in English as a foreign language: reading, revision behavior, apprehension, and writing. The College Student Journal, 36 (4), 532 -543. Lindemann, E. (1995). A Rhetoric for Writing Teachers (3 rd ed. ). New York: Oxford University Press. Madigan, R. , Linton, P. , & Johnson, S. (1996). The paradox of writing apprehension. In L. Gregg & E. R. Steinberg (Eds. ), Cognitive processes in writing (pp. 295 -307). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum. 12/4/2020 Tran Hoa Mi - Tin T. Dang 23

REFERENCES Masny, D. & Foxall, J. (1992). Writing Apprehension in L 2. Washington DC:

REFERENCES Masny, D. & Foxall, J. (1992). Writing Apprehension in L 2. Washington DC: Office of Educational Research and Improvement. (ERIC Document Reproduction Service No. ED 352844) Öztürk, H. , & Çeçen, S. (2007). The effects of portfolio keeping on writing anxiety of EFL Students. Journal of Language and Linguistic Studies, 3 (2), 218 – 236. Pingping, H. (2006). An exploratory study of English writing strategies. CELEA Journal, 29 (2), 61 – 70. Powell, B. J. (1984). A comparison of students' attitudes and success in writing. Journal of Negro Education, 53, 114 -123. Raisman, N. (1982). I just can’t do English: Writing anxiety in the classroom. English in the Two-Year College, 9 (1), 19 -23. Selfe, C. L. (1981). The composing processes of high and low writing apprehensives: A modified case-study. Washington, DC: Educational Resources Information Center. Singh, T. K. R. , & Rajalingam, S. K. (2012). The relationship of writing apprehension level and self-efficacy beliefs on writing proficiency level among preuniversity students. English Language Teaching, 5 (7), 42 -52. doi: 10. 5539/elt. v 5 n 7 p 42． 12/4/2020 Tran Hoa Mi - Tin T. Dang 24

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