Social Factors Political Factors Religious Factors Intellectual Factors

• Social Factors • Political Factors • Religious Factors • Intellectual Factors • Technological Factors • Economic Factors

Social Factors >> Reformation Perceived Injustice • Unrest in the new growing Middle Class aka “Bourgeois” • Guilds sought a stronger voice • Unrest in the working class • Peasants want relief from oppression & freedom • Unrest within the religious community • Laity sought a more egalitarian church

Political Factors >> Reformation Who should hold power and how? • Powerless sought greater equality • Guild vs. Local Authority • Local Authority vs. Distant King • Local Church vs. Roman Pope • Local government sought relief from Church interference • Church power vs. Secular State Power

Religious Factors >> Reformation Church Focus, Divisions & Theology • Church secularization >> Purity movements • People want “pure” , “simple”, “egalitarian” & “honest” faith… and leaders who exemplify it • Modern Devotion movement • Church Divisions >> lack of status / authority • “Babylonian Captivity” = Avignon, Great Schism, Conciliar Movement • Poor example of Christian leadership… corrupt • Benefice System • Theology >> debate • Purgatory – Indulgences – Clerical Piety

Intellectual Factors >> Reformation • Criticism of the Church • From political leaders. . . Church is interfering • From lay leaders… Church has lost vision • New Styles of Practicing Faith • Modern Devotion movement • Local Preachers rather than Roman Benefice

Technological Factors >> Reformation Impact of the Printing Press • Printing Press + Cheap Available Paper • Gutenberg Press = Cheaper books, more available • Literacy • Quest to know leads people to learn to read • Increased level of knowledge • Library • Availability of information to many • Postal Service • Speed of information travel

Economic Factors >> Reformation Does money drive everything? • Information Industry • New ideas published & debated = $$ • Church Authority • Benefice, Annates & Indulgences = $$ > Church • Local Authority • OK with Church $$ if shared • Restrict growth of Church Power & Land • Taxation Rights

Luther’s Theology • Justification by faith alone • Salvation comes via Belief & Trust in Jesus Christ as personal Savior • Salvation cannot be earned by “good works” • Good Works come from within a changed person • Bible is the Supreme Authority • Challenge to Papal Infallibility

Lutheran Doctrines (continued) Only two sacraments valid were communion and baptism -transubstantiation vs consubstantiation “Priesthood of all believers” Rejected Catholic tenets of poverty, chastity, and obedience

Luther’s Path • 95 Theses – Wittenberg • Debates & writes > fame • Pope Leo X > ML = “heretic” • Diet of Worms > “recant!” • HR Emp. Charles V condemns • ML = “outlaw” • Frederick the Wise • Hides ML • ML translates NT into German • Edict of Worms • German prince decides religious matters • Political concession by Charles V HRE

• German Feudalism Luther & the Peasant Revolts • Lords tax peasants • Lords ↑↑ oppression • Peasant Violence 1524 -5 • Luther is in hiding… • Cited Luther in error • Luther condemns revolts • Church reformer only • Non-political… desires order! • Princes take harsh revenge • ؞ Limited Social Change

Swiss Reformation - Zwingli • Scripture is ONLY base for belief & practice! • Qs Catholic teachings not clearly in Bible… • Clerical Celibacy • Saints • Pilgrimage • Purgatory…

Marburg Colloquy A Meeting of the Minds? • Philip of Hesse • Can we unite in Reformation? • Luther v. Zwingli • Theological argument • Eucharist disagreement • End Result • Protestants split: • L vs Z • Swiss Cantons split: • Z vs RC

Anabaptists… Mennonites / Amish • Apostolic Christianity • Baptism… No infants! • Conrad Grebel / Swiss Brethren • Schleitheim Confession • Adult Baptism, Pacifism • No oaths, No secular gov’t office • Separatists… persecuted by RC & L

Anabaptist Theocracy • Műnster, Germany • Cages? Who for? • Anabaptist rule by Old Testament Law • Strict Rule • RC & L leave • Besieged & Crushed by combined army of RC & L!

John Calvin & Geneva • Calvinist Theology • Divine Predestination & the Elect • Individual Responsibility • Protestant Work Ethic • Societal Reform via Faith Based Works • Calvinist Geneva – mid 1500 s • Protestant Revolt >> Reform >> Theocracy • Strict Morality • Protestant Refugee Haven

Can we talk? The Continent calms… • Diet of Augsburg 1530 • HRE Ch. V demands return to RCC • Schmalkaldic League • Lutheran defense alliance • Lutheranism Spreads • Denmark, Sweden, Poland • Peace of Augsburg 1555 • Cuius regio, eius religio • Calvinism NOT recognized

Peace of Augsburg • Christian division becomes permanent. • Ruler of the land determines religion. • People not liking their religion could move to another kingdom. • Excluded Calvinists and Anabaptists

English Reformation – Henry VIII • Pre-conditions in England • Wycliffe > Lollards… Q RCC authority • Wm. Tyndale = English NT • Henry VIII = “Defender of the Faith” v. Luther • Creates Church of England aka Anglican Church • Henry + Catherine = Mary, but No sons • Henry’s Affairs >> Anne Boleyn, no annulment, etc. • Submission of Clergy > Act of Succession > • Act of Supremacy = King head over Gov AND Church

English Religious Conflict • Henry VIII • England left RC… English Bible • Executed Sir Th. More & others • Seized RC lands, wealth, etc violently • Six Articles (1539) limits Reformation ideas • Edward VI • Book of Common Prayer… violence vs. RCs • Mary I • Restored RC… “Bloody Mary” • Elizabeth I • Restored Anglican Church

The Effects of the Reformation • Divided Europe permanently… Prot vs RC • Less visible corruption • Vernacular Services + Lay leadership grows • Education Changes • Humanism blended with Protestantism • Women • Role of wife, mother & equal companion • Legal protection, divorce possible

Catholic Counter-Reformation • Ignatius of Loyola • Society of Jesus… Jesuits • “Spiritual Disciplines” • Personal discipline, education • Council of Trent >> 18 Year Debate, resolved… • Salvation = faith + good works • Papal authority + traditions + 7 Sacraments • No cup for laypeople + transubstantiation • Clerical Celibacy • Purgatory, indulgences, saints, relics & icons

Reformation Era Literature • Miguel de Cervantes (SP) • Influenced by: • RC C – No Reformation • Piety of F + I (devout) • Life experiences • Don Quixote = Satire • RC idealism v. Realism

Reformation Era Literature • William Shakespeare (E) • Playwright of many genres • Comedy, Tragedy, Morality plays • King’s Men troupe = All male • Globe Theatre • Observer of humanity • Hamlet, Othello, Richard III, King Lear, Romeo & Juliet, Merchant of Venice

16 th c. French Wars of Religion • Concordat of Bologna 1516 • The Huguenot minority • French Calvinists • Persecuted by RCs • Aristocrats + Bourgeois • Faith + Organization + Politics = Power • Edict of Fontainebleau (1540) = Inquisition v. French Protestants

Family Feud: French Style – Who will rule? • Death of Henry II (Valois) – oops accidents happen • Francis II (Valois) • Young (15), weak, husband of Mary QS (18) • Who should rule France? • Guise (RC + East) v. Bourbon (S + W) v. Montmorency-Chatillon (Central) • Francis II dies >> • Charles IX (V) “child” + Queen Regent Catherine d’ Medici

Catherine de Medici: Queen Mother & Regent • Poissy Meeting: Reconcile C <> RC… • January Edict [1562] • Some Freedom of Worship for Huguenot • Massacre at Vassy [1562] • Guise led >> RC War v. Huguenots (C) • Royal family co-op’s w/ Guise • Peace of St. Germaine-en-Laye [1570] • Huguenot nobles gain recognition… Gaspard de Coligny (H)↑ • Huguenot religious freedom, town fortification ok • Catherine’s task to maintain control & Crown for her Family • Balance Huguenot v. RC Power… How? Machiavelli?

St. Bartholomew’s Day Massacre • Coligny (H) advisor to King Charles IX + Guise (RC) attempt murder of Coligny (H) + Henry of Navarre weds Princess Marguerite = Catherine de Medici (QM = regent) authorized attacks >> • Massacre of 3 K+ Huguenots • Celebrated by RC leaders & Pope • ↑↑ quest for religious freedom

Protestant Resistance: French Path • Beginnings… Biblical acceptance of earthly authority, accept + obey • Next… Publications + protest (printing press) • Then, St. Bartholomew’s Day Massacre = • Next… Protection + defense • Next…Christian duty to overthrow tyrants • Beza, du Plessis Mornay & Knox write & lead resistance movement

Henry of Navarre = Politique • Henry III (Valois) + Henry of Navarre • Attack Guise (RC)… Henry III dies. . • Succession? • Henry IV (Navarre) • Spain + Papal States prep to attack France • Well liked but… Huguenot as King of France? • “Paris is Worth the Mass” = • Henry IV converts to RC… tolerance! • Edict of Nantes • Truce & Freedoms: • Worship, Assembly, Defense, Education & Access to Jobs

Imperial Spain The 1 st Global Superpower • Pillars of Spanish Power • “Fugger” Support (bankers) • New World Riches • Bureaucracy • Homogenous Nation • Mediterranean Domination • Don John @ Lepanto • Problems? • Inflation + Debt

Imperial Spain: Philip II • Militant RC + Defender of RC • Anti-Protestant / Anti-Muslim • Aggressive use of Inquisition • Hard-working + Suspicious • Micro-manager, Written Orders • Escorial • Seized Portugal • Patron of Arts • Wealthy!

Spanish Netherlands • Dutch Merchants & Traders… $$ Rich • Autonomous • Protestant, Jewish & RC… Tolerant

Dutch Revolt v. Spain: Causes • Philip II >> Margaret of Parma (regent) + Cardinal Granvelle (Sp) • Militant = Chose to subdue Dutch autonomy & reestablish RC • Dutch resist: Count Egmont & William of Orange “Silent” >> • “the Compromise” but rejected by Margaret >> Dutch riots >> • Philip II sends Duke of Alba = HARSH! • Council of Troubles / Council of Blood ruled NL >> • Executions for Heresy + High Taxes = Dutch

Dutch Revolt vs. Spain • William of Orange… “Stadtholder” • Calvinist North leads revolt • Sea Beggars (E pirates) assist Dutch • (E) Pirates capture ports >> ↑↑Dutch rebellion • City of Leiden resists Spanish siege • Dikes open = flood own city >> Resist! >> • Spanish Fury = Extreme violence Sp onto Dutch >> • Pacification of Ghent = • Union of Dutch Calvinist N & RC So. • Dutch defeat Don John >> Perpetual Edict issued = Sp troops removed! >> Dutch autonomy preserved

Dutch Path to Independence • 1579 Union of Arras = RC South peace w/ Spain • 1579 Union of Utrecht = Calvinist North unites • Dutch Resistance continues… • Philip II declares Wm. Orange “outlaw” • Wm. Orange denounces Philip II in the “Apology” • Wm. Orange assassinated by Spain >> new leaders • E & Fr aid Dutch 1580 s >> drains Spain $$… 1588? • 1593 Calvinist No. drives out Spain, recognized by E & Fr as a nation >> independence 1609 via Twelve Year Truce

England: Mary I (Tudor) • 1554 Married Philip II of Spain, both militant RCs • RC union, political marriage, unpopular • Militant Catholicism • Revoked Protestant laws • Executed “heretics” • Bloody Mary • Protestants fled • Marian Exiles

England under Elizabeth I (Tudor) • Reigned 45 Years (1558 -1603) • Sir Wm. Cecil advisor • Protestant Politique • Act of Uniformity 1559… practices of Anglicanism • 39 Articles… Protestantism official! • Puritanism rise • Goal = Purify Anglican Church, too Catholic • Presbyterians follow Calvin structures > Scots • Congregationalists sought independent practice >> America

Elizabeth I v. Mary Queen of Scots • Mary Stuart (QS) = cousin, RC • Married Francis II (Fr)… widowed • Married Henry Stuart (Scot) aka Lord Darnley… murdered…? • Married Earl of Bothwell (Scot) • Killer? Mary Fled to E… imprisoned • Babington Plot • Sought to assassinate E, caught • MQS executed for treason • “Regicide” = Spain anger

Elizabeth I v. Spain • Rejects Philip II’s marriage proposal • Excommunicated 1570 • E + F defensive alliance 1571 • Sir Francis Drake… loots Spanish ships… pirate or E’s privateer? • Aid to Dutch v. Spain 1580 s • Executes Mary Stuart (RC) • Sir Francis Drake attacks Cadiz • Spanish Armada defeated • English Channel 1588 = power shift

The Thirty Years War: Why? • German areas fragmented • 300+ mini-states • Territorial mindset • Religious Division • RC v. L vs. C • Calvinism spreads • Missionary activity: RC & C • Alliances • Catholic League by Maximilian I (Bavaria) • Army formed… Count J von Tilly

30 Years War Bohemian Phase Danish Phase Swedish Phase French Phase

30 Years War: Bohemian Phase 1618 -25 • Ferdinand (Hapsburg) >> King of Bohemia • RC > Revoked Protestant freedoms, ↑↑ taxes… • Defenestration of Prague • Bohemian Protestants toss out RC regents • Claim Fred V of Pal as King… Ferdinand HRE • HRE + Spain v. Bo + Palatinate • HRE (Tilly) def. Bohemians, reclaims both lands

30 Years War: Danish Phase 1625 -29 • King Christian - L (Denmark) • Lost to HRE Maximilian • A. Wallenstein - mercenary • Attacks & Defeats Denmark • Edict of Restitution 1629 • Calvinism illegal • Return of RC lands

30 Years War Swedish Phase 1630 -35 • King Gustavus-Adolphus - L (Sweden) • Sw + Brandenburg + Saxony def. HRE • Military Revolution: • New Tactics “Fire & Charge” • Infantry + Cavalry = mobile • Key Deaths • King G-A • Wallenstein killed • Peace of Prague 1635 • Disagreements lead to…

30 Years War: French Phase 1635 - 48 • RC French join L Swedes = Opportunity • War Without Honor • German lands ruined • 1/3 pop killed

Peace of Westphalia: 1643 – 1648: A Negotiated Peace = Diplomacy

30 Yrs War: Peace of Westphalia 1648 • Peace of Westphalia: 1643 -1648 • Written in French = French Power ↑↑ • Negotiated in Műnster (RC city)… NL + Sp plus HRE + Germans AND Osnabruck (L city): HRE + Sw + Germans • Why there? Close + Infrastructure • Ends Edict of Restitution • Calvinism made “legal” • Swiss & Dutch = Sovereign States! • Prussia ↑↑ / France ↑↑ / G divided • 1 st time war in Europe ended by diplomacy! Balance of power idea ↑↑