Extension of Zeroth Law Thermodynamics of Measurement P

Extension of Zeroth Law & Thermodynamics of Measurement P M V Subbarao Professor Mechanical Engineering Department I I T Delhi An Energy Transaction is Essential for Measurement of Any Parameter …

Fermi Energy • The Fermi energy, EF, is the energy associated with a particle, which is in thermal equilibrium with the system of interest. • The energy is strictly associated with the particle. • This same quantity is called the electro-chemical potential, m.

Mechanical Equilibrium When Two bodies have equality of pressure with a third body, they in turn have equality of pressure with each other. LPG Cylinder Oxygen Cylinder

Mechanical Equilibrium of A Finite size System • If a system is in mechanical equilibrium with immediate surroundings, the net force/torque is zero. • If a system is in mechanical equilibrium, there is no changing tendency for the pressure (stress) at any point. • Classification of Ammeters: • Depending on the constructing principle, there are many types of ammeter we get, they are mainly • Permanent Magnet Moving Coil (PMMC) ammeter. • Moving Iron (MI) Ammeter. • Electrodynamometer type Ammeter. • Rectifier type Ammeter.

Permanent Magnet Moving Coil (PMMC) Ammeter Deflecting torque: The torque is equal to the multiplication of force generated as per Fleming’s left hand rule with distance to the point of suspension. Deflecting Torque Generates Mechanical Inequilibrium! Where, B = Flux density in Wb/m². i = Current flowing through the coil in Amp. l = Length of the coil in m. b = Breadth of the coil in m. N = No of turns in the coil.

Permanent Magnet Moving Coil (PMMC) Ammeter : Generation of Mechanical Equilibrium Controlling Torque: This torque is produced by the spring action and opposes the deflection torque so as the pointer can come to rest at the point, where Electromagnetic torque = control spring torque. The value of control torque depends on the mechanical design of spiral springs and strip suspensions. At Mechanical Equilibrium: θ = deflection angle in radians and C = spring constant Nm /rad

Dynamic Equation for (PMMC) Ammeter At Mechanical Equilibrium: Towards Mechanical Equilibrium:

Digital Instruments & Mechanical Equilibrium Assignment 1: Develop a detailed scientific report to prove that A Digital Voltmeter used the principle of Mechanical equilibrium. Time and Date of Submission: Before 5. 00 pm, 26 Feb 2021. PDF of scanned and hand-written document.

Chemical Equilibrium A system is in chemical equilibrium when there is no tendency for the concentration of species to change. When Two bodies have equality of concentration with a third body, they in turn have equality of concentration with each other.

Thermodynamic Equilibrium • When a system is in equilibrium regarding all possible changes of state, we say that the system is in Thermodynamic Equilibrium. • The properties of a system can be measured, when system is at equilibrium. • Definition of a system using certain observable, macroscopic properties is known as description of “The state”. • Some familiar ones are temperature, pressure, and density. • How many characteristics/qualities are required to completely describe the state of a system?

State Postulate The state postulate for a simple, pure substance states that the equilibrium state can be determined by specifying any two independent intensive properties.

Change of State for A Thermodynamic System • Whenever one or more of the properties of a system change, we say that a change in state has occurred.

Engineering Economics of Change of State • Every change of state of a system consumes resource (Energy). • Detail record of a change of state is essential to efficiently use a given resource. • Keeping a record of change of state of a system is called as detailing the process in thermodynamics.

Practical Solutions to Faradys Electro. Magnetic Generator Turbo Generator Vs MHD Generator

Photo-voltaic Energy Systems

Why only Solar Radiation is used in PV Systems? ? ?

Thermoelectric Generator