Energy Resources Energy Resources Fossil Fuel Oil Coal

Energy Resources

Energy Resources • Fossil Fuel – Oil – Coal – Natural Gas • Nuclear • Renewable

Renewable Resources • Hydroelectric • Wind • Solar • Tidal • Fuel cell • Geothermal • … …

Primary Resources • Over 99% of worldwide electric energy – Hydro – Fossil – Nuclear

Electric Energy Resources

Electricity Generated by Primary Resources (worldwide, 2010) Hydroelectric 6% Nuclear 6% Oil 35% Coal 27% Natural Gas 26%

Electricity Generated by Primary Resources (USA, 2010) 2 000 1 800 1 600 1 400 TWh 1 2000 1 000 2010 800 600 400 200 0 Coal Petroleum Natural Gas Nuclear Hydroelectric Renewable

Consumed Electric Energy (worldwide, 2010) 7 000 6 000 5 000 TWh 4 000 2000 3 000 2010 2 000 1 000 0 United States Europe 16280 Terawatt hours 16. 28*1012 k. Wh Central & South America Middle East Asia & Oceania Rest of World

Installed Capacity in 2010 1800 1600 1400 1200 GW 1000 2000 800 2010 600 400 200 0 United States Europe Central & South Middle East America Asia & Oceania Rest of World

Example • Compute the annual electrical energy consumption per capita worldwide in 2010.

Annual Electric Energy Consumption Per Capita Worldwide • World population: 6. 89 x 109 – world census for 2010 • Annual electric energy consumed per capita worldwide Total world consumption/world population = 17. 444*1012/6. 89*109 = 2. 53 MWh

Example • Exclude USA and compute the annual electrical energy consumption per capita worldwide in 2010

Annual Electric Energy Consumption Per Capita Worldwide without USA • US population in 2010 is 3. 1*108 • World population without USA: (6. 89 -0. 31)*109 =6. 58*109 • World Consumption minus USA: (17. 444 -4. 12)*1012 = 13. 324*1012 k. Wh • Energy consumed per capita worldwide without USA 13. 324*1012/6. 58*109 = 2. 025 MWh

Example • Compute the annual electric energy consumed per capita in the US in 2010.

Annual Electric Energy Consumption Per Capita in USA • US population is 3. 1*108 – US estimate for 2010 • Annual electric energy consumed per capita in the USA 4. 12*1012/3. 1*108 = 13. 29 MWh • Annual electric energy consumed per capita in the USA/ Annual electric energy consumed per capita worldwide = 13. 29/2. 025 = 6. 56

Fossil Fuel

Consumption of Oil by Sector worldwide Residential and Commercial 10% Electric energy 6% Transportation 52% Industrial 32%

Consumption of Oil worldwide 30 Million Barrel/day 25 20 15 2000 2010 10 5 0 United States Europe Central & South America Middle East Asia & Oceania Rest of world World Consumption=3. 06*1010 Barrel

Oil Reserve 800 700 Billion Barrels 600 500 400 2010 300 200 100 0 United States Europe Central & South America Middle East Asia & Oceania Rest of world World known reserve = 1. 341*1012 Barrel

Consumption of Oil in USA

Example • Assume no new oil field is discovered, for how long can we maintain the consumption of oil at the 2010 rate?

Solution • World known reserve = 1. 341*1012 Barrel • Annual world consumption= 85. 7*106*365=3. 128*1010 Barrel. • Oil reserve= 1. 341*1012/3. 128*1010 = 42. 87 years.

Natural Gas Reserve 80 70 Trillion cubic meter 60 50 40 2000 2010 30 20 10 0 United States Central & South America Europe world reserve = 7. 71*1012 m 3. Middle East Asia & Oceania Rest of world

Consumption of Natural Gas 1 0, 9 Trillion cubic meter 0, 8 0, 7 0, 6 0, 5 2000 0, 4 2010 0, 3 0, 2 0, 1 0 United States Europe Central & South America Middle East Asia & Oceania Rest of world World consumption= 2. 85*1012 m 3

Example • Assume no new natural gas field is discovered, then for how long will natural gas last at the 2010 consumption rate?

Solution • The world known reserve as of 2010 is 1. 78*1014 m 3 • The world consumption in 2010 is 3. 27*1012 m 3 • The world reserve can sustain the 2010 consumption rate for 1. 78*1014/3. 27*1012 = 57. 18 years

Coal Reserve United States 27% Rest of world 31% Central & South America 1% Europe 9% Asia & Oceania 31%

Consumption of Coal 6000 5000 Million Tons 4000 3000 2010 2000 1000 0 United States Europe Central & South America Middle East Asia & Oceania Rest of world

Nuclear Fuel

Types of Nuclear Fuel • Uranium – Found in nature – Has several isotopes: uranium-234 (U 234), U 235(0. 7%) and U 238(99. 2%) • subscript indicates the atomic mass of the isotope. – Only U 235 can fission in nuclear reactors – Concentration of U 235 is increased by an enrichment process – For power plant, U 235 concentration is about 3 -5% – For weapons, U 235 concentration is over 90%.

Types of Nuclear Fuel • Plutonium (Pu) – A man made element produced in breeder reactors – Created when U 238 absorbs a neutron to become U 239 and ultimately decays to Pu 239. – Has three common isotopes: Pu 238, Pu 239, and Pu 240. – Pu 239 is used in nuclear weapons and Pu 238 is used in nuclear power plants. – Pu 238 is mixed with uranium to form a mixed-oxide fuel that increases the power plant output.

Consumption Rest of world 15% United States 20% Asia 20% Europe 45%