NONRENEWABLE RESOURCES A nonrenewable resource is a natural

NONRENEWABLE RESOURCES A nonrenewable resource is a natural resource that cannot be re-made or re-grown at a scale comparable to its consumption.

COAL, PETROLEUM, AND GAS Coal, petroleum, and natural gas are considered nonrenewable because they can not be replenished in a short period of time. These

RENEWABLE RESOURCES Renewable resources are natural resources that can be replenished in a short period of time. ● Solar ● Geothermal ● Wind ● Biomass ● Water

Energy resources Renewable Source Wind Sun Solar Sun Wave Sun Tidal Hydroelectric Moon Biomass Geothermal Sun Stored heat energy in the Earth

Solar energy Solar cells are expensive/cheap to make. Even though they only provide energy at low power / high power, sometimes they are the best solution to providing energy. Satellites in space use solar cells as a source of energy. Solar power stations can use concave/convex mirrors to focus energy on a boiler. This produces the steam to turn a turbine, which in turn drives a generator and then produces electricity.

Wind Unlike fossil fuels and solar energy, there is no need oiler for a b____ in a wind turbine. The wind turns the irectly team turbine d_____ - no s____ is required. ow power Wind energy is very l so you need many wind turbines to meet the same energy requirements as a fuel-burning power station. rea You need to find an a large a___ of land, away from oise settlements because of the n___, and it obviously indy has to be w___!

Wave ind The S__ produces the w___ un aves and the wind causes w____. Waves can be used to turn urbines t_______ directly and generate electricity. enewable Wave energy is r____. No air pollution is produced such as sulphur dioxide or nitrogen oxides that cause acid rain. It is also cheap to run once built. The problems are that it is expensive to set up. There are few areas suitable, it can kill flora and fauna and the energy ow power you get is very l .

Tidal ides The M___ causes the t____. This oon causes the level of the sea to rise and fall. This movement of the sea can be used to turn turbines directly lectricity and generate e____. enewable Tidal energy is r____ and nonpolluting. It is cheap to run once built. The problems are that it is to set up. There are expensive few areas suitable, it can kill flora and fauna and the energy ow power you get is very l .

Biomass This is where you burn organic/inorganic matter, be it plant or animal. The reason it is classed as renewable/non-renewable is that you can reproduce this matter relatively quickly. For example, you can just grow some more plants. However you do require a large area/small area of land.

Geothermal Advantages? Cold water pumped down Warm water comes back up and used to turn turbines Renewable No acid rain or greenhouse effect Cheap once built Disadvantages? Few areas suitable Expensive to build Water heated by hot rocks

Hydroelectricity

Introduction • Air pollution may be described as contamination of the atmosphere by gaseous, liquid, solid wastes or byproducts that can endanger life, attack materials and reduce visibility. • Air pollution worldwide is a threat to human health and the natural environment. • It may also be defined as the presence of matter in atmosphere at concentrations, durations, and frequencies that adversely affect human health and environment.

Introduction • Air pollution can be caused due to the burning of wood, coal, oil, petrol, or by spraying pesticides. • Some of the questions which might come to mind while thinking about air pollution are: – Are we doing something about solving these problems? – Do we know enough about the conditions under which a pollution episode occurs? – What are the regulations? – How to control emissions?

Should we worry about Air Pollution? • Air pollution affects every one of us. • Air pollution cause health problems and in an extreme case even death. • Air pollution reduces crop yields and affects animal life. • Air pollution can damage monuments. • Air pollution cause significant economic losses. • In short, air pollution does not only damage air; it also damages environment on earth’s surface and their inhabitants.

EFFECTS ON PLANTS • Damage trees from diseases, pests, drought, frost EFFECTS ON MATERIALS • Break down the exterior paint • Discolor irreplaceable monuments, statues, beauty sites etc (finance loss) EFFECTS ON THE STRATOSPHERE • Destruction of the ozone layer (ozone hole) IMPLICATIONS FOR MANKIND • Effects on human health • Food production • Plant and animal planktons damage • Effect on materials • Effect on climate

Air Pollutant • Contaminant that affects human life, plant life, animal life and property could be termed as an air pollutant. • Air pollutants are classified into two categories: Primary pollutants: These pollutants are emitted from a source directly into the atmosphere. e. g. Sulfur dioxide and Hydrocarbons Secondary pollutants: These are formed due to the chemical reaction among two or more pollutants. e. g. Peroxyacetyl nitrate (PAN )

How to Define an Air Pollutant? • Basis: Chemicals present in the environment • Process: – Use composition of the clean air as a bench mark. – When the concentration of a chemical in air is above the bench mark, it is termed as an air pollutant.

Common Air Pollutants The air pollution problem is encountered in both indoor as well as outdoor. → Indoor • Radon • Combustion by-products • CO, CO 2, SO 2, Hydrocarbons, NOx • Particulates, Polyaromatic hydrocarbons • Environmental Tobacco Smoke (ETS) • Volatile organic compounds • Asbestos • Formaldehyde • Biological contaminants • Pesticides → Outdoor • SO 2 • CO, CO 2 • Oxides of Nitrogen • Ozone • Total Suspended particles • Lead • Particulates • Volatile organic compounds • Toxic Air pollutants

Sources of Air Pollutants Indoor Outdoor

Sources of Air Pollution Natural Sources • • Volcanoes Coniferous forests Forest fires Pollens Spores Dust storms Hot springs Man-made Sources • • • Fuel combustion - Largest contributor Chemical plants Motor vehicles Power and heat generators Waste disposal sites Operation of internal-combustion engines

Natural Sources vs. Man-made Sources • Pollutants released from natural sources like volcanoes, coniferous forests, and hot springs have a minimal effect on environment when compared to that caused by emissions from man-made sources like industrial sources, power and heat generation, waste disposal, and the operation of internal combustion engines. • Fuel combustion is the largest contributor to air pollutant emissions, caused by man, with stationary and mobile sources equally responsible.

Source Classification Sources may be classified as: (A) Primary Secondary (B) Combustion Non-combustion (C) Stationary Mobile (D) Point: These sources include facilities that emit sufficient amounts of pollutants worth listing Area: all other point sources that individually emit a small amount of pollutants are considered as area sources.

WHAT IS NOISE POLLUTION? • Sound that is unwanted or disrupts one’s quality of life is called as noise. When there is lot of noise in the environment, it is termed as noise pollution. • Sound becomes undesirable when it disturbs the normal activities such as working, sleeping, and during conversations. • It is an underrated environmental problem

HEALTH EFFECTS • According to the USEPA, there are direct links between noise and health. Also, noise pollution adversely affects the lives of millions of people. • Noise pollution can damage physiological and psychological health. • High blood pressure, stress related illness, sleep disruption, hearing loss, and productivity loss are the problems related to noise

SOURCES OF NOISE POLLUTION • Transportation systems are the main source of noise pollution in urban areas. • Construction of buildings, highways, and streets cause a lot of noise, due to the usage of air compressors, bulldozers, loaders, dump trucks, and pavement breakers. • Industrial noise also adds to the already unfavorable state of noise pollution.

SOLUTIONS FOR NOISE POLLUTION • Planting bushes and trees in and around sound generating sources is an effective solution for noise pollution. • Regular servicing and tuning of automobiles can effectively reduce the noise pollution. • Buildings can be designed with suitable noise absorbing material for the walls, windows, and ceilings.

SOLUTIONS FOR NOISE POLLUTION • Similar to automobiles, lubrication of the machinery and servicing should be done to minimize noise generation. • Soundproof doors and windows can be installed to block unwanted noise from outside. • Regulations should be imposed to restrict the usage of play loudspeakers in crowded areas

SOLUTIONS FOR NOISE POLLUTION • Community development or urban management should be done with longterm planning, along with an aim to reduce noise pollution. • Social awareness programs should be taken up to educate the public about the causes and effects of noise pollution.

Forest Resources • Importance: Ø Ecological Balance Ø Renewable Natural resource Ø Economic Development Ø Attract rainfall Ø Control flood Ø Employment Opportunity

Forest Resources • Importance: Ø Provide raw material: ü Fuel ü Paper ü Timber for furniture ü Packing articles ü Sports Goods

Deforestation • Cutting Trees • Causes and Effects

Deforestation • Cutting Trees • Timber Extraction • Causes and Effects

Food Resources • Food coming from agriculture, animal husbandry and fishing • Integrated Crop Management • Less farm, Women's get less food • Meaning of nutrition • Water may be issue • Food Security: Starvation & malnutrition • Alternative food resources

Mineral Resources • Substance of chemical composition turns to metal • Found in earth crust • Iron, aluminum, copper, coal, cement • Building material, diamond, dwellery • Mining: Extracting minerals from earth

Mineral Resources Stages of Mining: Ø Prospecting: Searching Ø Exploration: Accessing size, shape, value and location Ø Development: work to prepare to access Ø Exploitation: Extract

Mineral Resources Types of Mining: Ø Surface / Open cut / Strip Mine Ø Deep cut / Shaft Mine Methods depend on type. Ø Use of GIS Ø Mine Safety: Explosion, Lung diseases, methane gas Ø Affects environment

Water Resources • Water cycle: Evaporation, Precipitation -> Aquatic ecosystem • Level Agri Industry Domestic Global 70 25 5 India 90 7 3 • Fresh water supply problem • Overutilization • Pollution of surface and ground water

Water Resources • Global climate change: • Flood and Drought

Water Resources • Sustainable water management: Ø Building small reservoirs Ø Soil management Ø Recycling and treatment Ø Leakage of dams, lakes and pipes Ø Drip irrigation Ø Water value and importance

Biodiversity • Today most of us live in a socially and technologically evolved society where our exploitive potential and knowledge of nature has increased academically. • Biodiversity is the vast array of all the species of plants, animals, insects and the microorganisms inhabiting the earth either in the aquatic or the terrestrial habitats. • The human civilization depends directly or indirectly upon this biodiversity for their very basic needs of survival–food, fodder, fuel, fertilizer, timber, liquor, rubber, leather, medicines and several raw materials.

Levels of Biodiversity • Genetic diversity : It includes the genetic variations within species, both among geographically separated populations and among individuals within single population • Species diversity: It includes full range of species from micro organisms to giants and mammoth varieties of plants and animals, e. g. single celled viruses and bacteria etc. and multi-cellular plants, animals • Ecosystems diversity : It studies variation in the biological communities in which species Jive, exist and interact

Measure of Biodiversity • Alpha Diversity: It indicates the number of species in a single community. The index can be used to compare the number of species in different ecosystem • Beta Diversity: It indicates the degree to which species composition changes along an environmental gradient • Gamma Diversity: It indicates the rate at which additional species are encountered as geographical replacements within a habitat type in different localities.

Value of Biodiversity Ø Direct Values v Food Resources: Grains, vegetables, fruits, nuts, condiments, tea-coffee, tobacco, liquor, oil from plant resources; and meat, fish, egg, milk (and milk products), honey, etc. from animal resources. v Other Resources: Medicine, fuel, timber, household accessories, fodder, fiber, fertilizer, wool, leather, paint, resin, wax, thatch. Ornamental plants, rubber, creams, silk, feathers, decorative items, etc.

Value of Biodiversity Ø Consumptive use: Man is mostly dependent on plant and animal resources for his dietary requirements Ø Productive use: Trade and commerce industry is very largely dependent on forests. Besides, timber, firewood, paper pulp, and other wood products, we get many valuable commercial products from forests Ø Medicine: Drugs , antibiotic, ayurveda Ø Aesthetic Use Ø Option Values

THREATS TO BIODIVERSITY Ø The biggest reason for the current increase in extinctions is habitat loss Ø By destroying habitat, we eliminate not only prominent species but also many obscure ones of which we may not even be aware. Ø Over harvesting of food species is probably the most obvious way in which humans directly destroy biological resources Ø Habitat Destruction Ø Hunting and Poaching Ø Pollution Ø Man and Wildlife Conflict

CONSERVATION OF BIODIVERSITY Ø The aims and objectives of wildlife management in India includes the following (i) Protection of natural habitats (ii) Maintenance of a viable number of species (iii) Establishment of biosphere reserves (iv) Protection through legislation Ø Some of the non-government organizations working in this direction are (i) Bombay Natural History Society (ii) Wildlife Preservation Society of India, Dehradun. (iii) World Wide Fund for Nature India (WWF)

CONSERVATION OF BIODIVERSITY Ø Laws Governing Biodiversity Conservation in India (i) The Madras Wild Elephant Preservation Act, 1873. (ii) All India Elephant Preservation Act, 1879. (iii) The Indian Fisheries Act, 1897. (iv) Wild Birds and Wild Animals Protection Act, 1912. (v) The Indian Forest Act, 1927. (vi) Bengal Rhinoceros Act, 1932. (vii) Haily National Park Act. . 1936. (viii) Bombay Wild, Animals and Wild Birds Protection Act, 1951. (ix) Conservation of Forests and National Ecosystems Act, 1994.

National Park Ø According to the Indian Board for Wild Life (IBWL), “a National Park is an area dedicated by statute for all time to conserve the scenery, natural and historical objects, to conserve the wild life there in and to provide for enjoyment of the same in such manner and by such means, that will leave them unimpaired for the enjoyment of future generations with such modification as local conditions may demand”. Ø The history of National parks in India begins in 1936 when the Hailey (now Corbett) national parks of United Provinces (now Uttar Pradesh) was created

Sanctuary Ø The Indian Board for Wild Life has defined a sanctuary as, ‘An area where killing, hunting, shooting or capturing of any species of bird or animal is prohibited except by or under the control of highest authority in the department responsible for the management of the sanctuary and whose boundaries and character should be sacrosanct as far as possible. Ø Accessible to public

Environmental Protection Act • Constitution of India has a number of provisions demarcating the responsibility of the central and state government towards ‘Environmental Protection’. • The state’s responsibility has been laid down under article 48 -A which reads as follows, “the state shall endeavor to protect and improve the environment and safeguard the forests and wildlife of the country”. • Environmental protection has been made a fundamental duty of every citizen of this country under article 51 -A(g) which read as “it shall be the duty of every citizen of India to protect and improve the natural environment including forests, lakes, rivers and wild life and to have compasion for living creatures”. • Article 21 read as, “no person shall be deprived of his life or personal liberty except according to procedure established by law”.

Definition of Environment under Indian Law • According to section 2(a) of Environmental Protection Act (1986), ‘Environment’ includes, (i) water, air and land, (ii) the interrelationship which exists among and between, (a) water, air and land (b) human beings, other living creatures, plants, micro-organisms and property.

Various statues / legislations (a) The Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1974 (b) The Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1981 (c) The Environmental Protection Act, 1986 (d) The Forest Conservation Act, 1980 (e) The Wild Life Protection Act, 1972 (f) The Public Liability Insurance Act, 1991, etc.

General Powers of the Central Government under EPA • • • • • Co-ordination of actions by the state government officers. Planning and execution of nation wide programme on ‘Environmental Pollution’. Laying down standards for emissions or discharge of environmental pollutants from various sources whatsoever. Laying down procedures and safeguards for the prevention of accidents which may cause environmental pollution. Laying down procedures to safeguard hazardous substances. Examination of such manufacturing process, materials and substances as are likely to cause environmental pollution. Carrying out and sponsoring investigation and research. Inspection of the premises, plants, equipment, machinery, manufacturing or other processes, material or substances. Establishment or recognition of environmental laboratories and institutions to carryout function entrusted to them. Preparation of manuals, codes, guides, etc. Section 4 – Appointment of officers and their powers and functions Section 5 – Power to give directions Section 6 – Rules to regulate environmental pollution

The Forests Conservation Act, 1980 • ‘Non Forest Purpose’ means the breaking up or cleaning of any forest, land or portion there of for the cultivation of tea, coffee, spices, rubber, palms, oil bearing plants, horticultural crops, medicinal plants or plantation crops. • breaking up of soil can only be permitted after taking into consideration all aspects of the question, the over all advantages and disadvantages to the economy of the country

Current Requirements that should be met before declaring an area into a Wild Life Sanctuary / National Park under Forest Act (a) The state government may by notification in the office declare the provisions of their chapter applicable to any forest land or wasteland which is not included in a reserve forest, but which is the property of the government. (b) The forest land waste land included in any such notification shall be called a ‘Protected Forest’. (c) No such notification shall be made unless the nature and extent of the rights of government and of private persons in or over the forest land or wasteland comprised therein have been inquired into and recorded at a survey or settlement, or in such other manner as the state government thinks sufficient.

Role of NGO Organisation • Creating awareness among people on current environmental issues and their solutions. • Being involved in the protection of human right to have a clean environment. • Conducting participatory rural appraisal. • Transferring information through newsletter, brochures, articles, audiovisuals, etc. • Helping the village administrative officials in the preparation, application and execution of projects on environmental protection.

Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1981 • The objective of the Act is to provide for the prevention, control and abatement of air pollution for the establishment with a view to carrying out the aforesaid purpose of boards for conferring on and assigning to such boards powers and functions relating there and for matters connected therewith.

Functions of Central Board (Section- 16) • Advice to central government on any matter related to air quality • To execute nation wide awareness programme • Co-ordinate with state boards and resolve disputes among them • To provide technical assistance and guidance to state boards • Sponsor research and investigation regarding problem of air pollution • Collect technical and statistical data to prepare manuals, code, guide related to air. • To lay down standards for the quality of air. • Section 19 – Declaration of air pollution control area • Section 10 – Lays down the standards for emission of air pollutants from automobiles

Penalty for Contravention of Certain Provision of the Act • Whoever contravenes any of the provisions of this act or any order or direction issued there under for which no penalty has been elsewhere provided in this act shall be punishable with imprisonment for a term which may extend to 3 month or with a fine extend to Rs. 10, 000/- or with both. • Both companies and government departments are also prosecuted under the Air Act.

Water Pollution Act • The objective of the Water Prevention and Control of Pollution Act was to provide for the prevention and control of water pollution and maintaining or restoring of wholesomeness of water for the establishment with a view to carrying out the purpose aforesaid, of boards for the prevention and functions relating thereto and for matters connected therewith.

Functions of Central Board • • Promote cleanliness of streams and wells in different areas of the state. Advise the central government on any matter concerning the prevention and control of water pollution Co-ordinate the activities of the state boards and resolve disputes among them. Provide technical assistance and guidance to the state board, carryout and sponsor investigations and research relating to problems of water pollution. Organize through mass media, a comprehensive programme regarding the prevention and control of water pollution. Collect, compile and publish technical and statistical data relating to water pollution and the measure devised for its effective prevention and control and prepare manuals, codes regarding the treatment and disposal of sewage and trade effluents. Establish and recognize a laboratory to enable the board to perform its functions under this section effectively, including the analysis of samples of water from any stream or well of samples of any sewage or trade effluents.

Importance of Section 24 of Water Act, 1974 • No person should knowingly cause or permit any poisonous, noxious or polluting matter determined in accordance with such standards as may be laid down by the state board to enter into any stream or well or sewer or on land. • Whoever contravention of provisions of section (24) shall be punishable with imprisonment upto six years and with fine. • Even the municipality corporation, companies, government departments also be prosecuted under water act

Wildlife Protection Act 1972 • The Wildlife Protection Act, 1972 is an Act of the Parliament of India enacted for protection of plants and animal species. • The Act provides for the protection of wild animals, birds and plants. • It extends to the whole of India, except the State of Jammu and Kashmir which has its own wildlife act

Wildlife Protection Act 1972 • It has six schedules which give varying degrees of protection. • Schedule I and part II of Schedule II provide absolute protection - offences under these are prescribed the highest penalties. • Species listed in Schedule III and Schedule IV are also protected, but the penalties are much lower. • Schedule V includes the animals which may be hunted. • The plants in Schedule VI are prohibited from cultivation and planting.