Empire of China 9 a World Studies Stankiewicz
- Slides: 43
Empire of China 9 a World Studies Stankiewicz
Essential Questions What were the teachings of Confucius How did Confucian Ideas help shape Chinese Life? How did Legalist and Daoist views differ? Who was Shi Huangdi? How did the Han dynastic rulers shape Chinese government?
Confucius China’s most influential philosopher Born to a noble but poor family Became a teacher after failing in government work Reputation for wisdom grew
Confucius Never wrote down his philosophy Very different from Buddha Little interest in salvation Interested in worldly goals
Confucius Teaching - 1 Unlike Buddha, Confucius was not really interested in religious matters Concerned more about worldly goals (life on earth) Wanted social order Good government Make rules to live by on earth
Confucius Teachings - 2 People are in harmony when they accept their place in society Five Key relationships Father to son Elder brother to younger brother Husband to wife Ruler to subject Friend to friend
Relationships - 1 Other than Friend to Friend all relationships are unequal Older people are superior to younger people Men are superior to women But mothers of sons need respect
Relationships - 2 Superiors are to take care of inferiors Inferiors should be loyal and obedient to superiors Women’s duty is to ensure the stability of the family and promote harmony in the home CORRECT BEHAVIOR BRINGS ORDER AND STABILITY
Relationships - 3 Respect for parents is above all other duties Even higher than duty to the state (government) Other values Golden rule
Confucius and Government People are naturally good Best ruler (government) is honest, upstanding, fair, educated Education is key to advancement
Confucius’s Legacy Confucianism never a religion Chinese rulers, however, based their government on his teachings Future rulers often chose Confucian scholars as leaders Emphasis on Confucian relationships dominated Chinese society Spread to 1/3 of world’s population
Legalism The Philosophy promoted by Hanfeizi Men are naturally “evil” Goodness is acquired Greed the motive for all actions Disagreed with Confucius Only way to achieve order id through strict rules enforced by harsh punishments Strength, not goodness, was a ruler’s greatest virtue
Daoism Differs from both Confucianism and Legalism Daoists no interest in bringing order to society, but to live in harmony with nature
Daoism Founded by Laozi Wrote: “The Way of Virtue” Enormous influence on Chinese life
Daoism Focuses on Dao –”The Way” of the universe. Reject conflict and emphasize “yielding” Didn’t like government “The best government is the one that governs least”
Daoism Evolved into a religion Gods and goddesses Alchemy Thought to have invented gunpowder to frighten ghosts
Daoism and Confucianism Blended together Confucianism taught how to behave Daoism influence how people looked at the natural world
Shi Huangdi First Emperor Founder of Qin Dynasty Followed Legalism (strict) Authoritarian dictator Did not tolerate any dissent Built the Original Great Wall of China When he died people revolted
Han Dynasty Claimed had mandate from Heaven in 210 BC Han dynasty lasted from 210 BC to 220 AD Liu Bang 1 st Han emperor
Liu Bang Lowered taxes and eased harsh Legalistic policies Appointed key Confucian scholars as advisors Later emperors followed his examples Set up universities Followed Confucian principles
Most famous Han Emperor - Wudi Expanded education Warrior Emperor Ceaseless campaigns to expand China’s borders Invaded Manchuria, Korea, Vietnam, Tibet and Korea Linked china with the middle east – “Silk Road”
Han Society Confucian scholars-Officials Civil Service examinations Women subservient Han Achievements Han scientists wrote texts on biology, zoology, astronomy Paper out of wood pulp Herbal medicine
Collapse Weak leaders let public projects down Taxes raised Warlords Peasant revolts Same story as any dynasty as we learned when we studied the dynastic cycle
Questions – There’s more slides
Spread of Civilizations in East Asia 9 b World Studies Stankiewicz
Essential Questions How did the Mongols create a world Empire? What was the legacy of the Mongol conquest? How did Ming ruler reassert Chinese greatness?
Mongol Expansion Mongols originally nomadic people Genghis Kahn became leader of Mongols (1100 s AD) Imposed strict discipline and absolute loyalty Created a great cavalry of highly mobile soldiers Probably the most skilled horsemen in the world
Mongol Expansion Genghis Kahn had a reputation for fierceness Ruthless Attacked China Trouble with walled cities Developed siege warfare
Mongol Expansion Genghis Kahn dies before completed conquest of known world but his empire stretched to include China and most of northern Asia
Mongol Conquests Genghis Kahn’s grandson Kublai Khan overthrew the Song dynasty in 1279. Kubai founded the Yuan Dynasty Ruled all of China, Korea, Tibet and Vietnam Able and demanding ruler Welcomed many foreigners including Marco Polo
Marco Polo Visited Kublai Kahn and stayed with him for 17 years Wrote a book describing his adventures Not always believed, but book was a best seller
Marco Polo’s Routes
Effects of Mongol Expansion Once conquering people the Mongols were not necessarily oppressive rulers Usually let people live as they did as long as they paid tribute to Mongols Usually ruled with justice and tolerance Respected scholars
Effects of Mongol Expansion In 1200 s and 1300 s Mongols established peace and order in Kingdom Protected the “Silk Road” trade route from Europe to China Got rid of civil service system
Demise of the Mongols After Kublai Kahn died Yuan dynasty grew weak. Most Chinese resented Mongol rule Heavy taxes, corruption were common 1368 Yuan Dynasty was replaced by the Ming Dynasty
Ming Dynasty Restored civil service system Reinforced Confucian learning Established a system to halt corruption Economic revival Revival of Arts, Literature, exploration Very popular with people because they reasserted China’s traditional values
Korea and Its Traditions Essential Questions: How did geography affect the Korean peninsula? How did China effect Korean Culture? How did Korea shape its own culture?
How did geography affect the Korean peninsula? Its closeness to China allowed it to receive many cultural and technological advances from the Chinese It served as a cultural bridge between China and Japan
How did China effect Korean Culture? Korea often a tributary state of China saw Korea in Confucian terms Older brother looking over younger brother Koreans adopted Confucian emphasis on family as the basis of the state
How did Korea shape its own culture? Had its own dynasties (three only) Shilla 668 -918; Koryo 918 -1392; Choson 1392 -1910 Adapted its own form of civil service Only aristocracy can be part of it, unlike China Acknowledged Chinese overlordship but maintained nominal independence
Japan What geographical features influenced the early development of Japan? How did Chinese culture influence Japan?
What geographical features influenced the early development of Japan? Islands Most land too mountainous to farm Most people settle on narrow river valleys and along coast Isolated and protected from outside world Thriving fishing Tsunamis, Ring of Fire affected population’s psyche
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