Let China sleep For when China wakes it

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“Let China sleep. For when China wakes, it will shake the world. ” --Napoleon

“Let China sleep. For when China wakes, it will shake the world. ” --Napoleon CHINA Part 1: The Making of the Modern State

Why do we study China? ▶ ▶ Unique history greatly shapes political culture One

Why do we study China? ▶ ▶ Unique history greatly shapes political culture One of the few remaining communist nations Successful move towards capitalism BUT remains highly authoritarian Questions to ponder… ▶ ▶ Will democratization follow economic reform success? Will human rights violations threaten partnerships? Will Xi bring Changes? keep China fr

Geography Basics ▶ ▶ Officially, the People’s Republic of China (PRC) 4 th largest

Geography Basics ▶ ▶ Officially, the People’s Republic of China (PRC) 4 th largest country ▶ ▶ ▶ 9, 596, 961 sq mi Less than 15% of land for agriculture good Largest population ▶ ▶ ▶ 1. 3 billion *23 provinces 5 autonomous regions 4 centrally administered 2 Special Regions (SAR) cities Administrative

Critical Junctures: Confucius ▶ Imperial China (2000 years) & Confucianism ▶ ▶ ▶ Harmony,

Critical Junctures: Confucius ▶ Imperial China (2000 years) & Confucianism ▶ ▶ ▶ Harmony, order, and peace Five duties of universal obligation human relations Obedience to Authority, Hierarchy, Meritocracy ▶ ▶ Civil service was created Had to pass exams based on Confucian ethics or basic

Critical Junctures: The Republic of China ▶ 1839 -1949: Century of Humiliation ▶ ▶

Critical Junctures: The Republic of China ▶ 1839 -1949: Century of Humiliation ▶ ▶ ▶ Economic stagnation/poverty Increased pressure from the outside/imperialism Dynastic rule ends Nationalism rises! Revolution! (1911 -12) Establishes Republic of China ▶ ▶ Sun Yat-sen became President Believed in nationalism, democracy, & social welfare Could not hold power Warlords rule Sun Yat-sen Father of the Republic Father of the Revolution

Critical Junctures: The Republic of China ▶ ▶ 1911 – 1949 Two political forces

Critical Junctures: The Republic of China ▶ ▶ 1911 – 1949 Two political forces vie for power: The Nationalist Party (KMT) ▶ ▶ ▶ Led by Sun Yat-Sen Focused on resisting foreign influence Favored modernization and reform Eventually led by Chiang Kai-Shek Chinese Communist Party (CCP, founded 1921) ▶ ▶ Led by Mao Zedong By 1928, the CCP was forced West out of the cities and into the countryside Chiang Kai-Shek Leader of Nationalist Party

Critical Junctures: The People’s Republic of China ▶ ▶ 1934 -1935: The Long March

Critical Junctures: The People’s Republic of China ▶ ▶ 1934 -1935: The Long March 1941 -1945: World War II ▶ ▶ Communists more successful against Japan 1949: The People’s Liberation Army marches into Beijing unopposed, establishing the People’s Republic of China (PRC) ▶ ▶ The Nationalists fled to Taiwan, where they established the Republic of China (ROC) (international community does not recognize PRC until 1970 s!)

Critical Junctures: Maoism ▶ ▶ Maoism – form of communism that believed in the

Critical Junctures: Maoism ▶ ▶ Maoism – form of communism that believed in the strength of the peasant Key Values: ▶ ▶ ▶ Collectivism Struggle and Activism Egalitarianism Self-Reliance Mass Line: leaders would communicate their will/direction to people, but people would communicate through mass line their wisdoms to leaders

Critical Junctures: Maoism ▶ ▶ The Soviet Model (1949 -1957): Land Reform ▶ ▶

Critical Junctures: Maoism ▶ ▶ The Soviet Model (1949 -1957): Land Reform ▶ ▶ Civil Reform ▶ ▶ ▶ Redistributed property from rich to poor and increased productivity in countryside Free people from Opium addiction Enhanced women’s legal rights Five-Year Plans ▶ ▶ ▶ Nationalized industry Collectivized agriculture Private property eliminated

Critical Junctures: Maoism ▶ Hundred Flowers Campaign ▶ ▶ ▶ Intellectuals given freedom of

Critical Junctures: Maoism ▶ Hundred Flowers Campaign ▶ ▶ ▶ Intellectuals given freedom of expression Mao became worried about revolutionaries Crushed those that spoke out

Critical Junctures: Maoism ▶ The Great Leap Forward (1958 -1966) ▶ ▶ ▶ ▶

Critical Junctures: Maoism ▶ The Great Leap Forward (1958 -1966) ▶ ▶ ▶ ▶ Wanted to free China from Soviet domination Utopian effort to transform China into radical egalitarian society Reorganizes China into communes that would serve all basic social and functions Backyard furnaces Mass Mobilization Red vs. Expert Failure - Famine a economic

Critical Junctures: Maoism ▶ ▶ The Cultural Revolution (1966 -1976) Goal – remove all

Critical Junctures: Maoism ▶ ▶ The Cultural Revolution (1966 -1976) Goal – remove all vestiges of “old” China and its inequality ▶ ▶ ▶ Scholars sent to fields to work Universities/libraries destroyed Emphasis on elementary education only Student radicals (Red Guard) lead a purging of “class enemies” Everything attributed to Mao

Critical Junctures: Maoism ▶ ▶ 1976: Mao dies leaving followers divided into factions ▶

Critical Junctures: Maoism ▶ ▶ 1976: Mao dies leaving followers divided into factions ▶ Radicals – led by Mao’s wife ▶ One of the “Gang of Four” who supported radical goals of cultural revolution ▶ Military ▶ Moderates – moderates who emphasized economic modernization and some contact with other countries Moderates win and arrest Gang of Four

“It doesn’t matter whether a cat is white or black, as long as it

“It doesn’t matter whether a cat is white or black, as long as it catches mice. ” -Deng Xiaoping DENG XIAOPING Economic Reform

Critical Junctures: Deng Xiaoping ▶ 1979: Deng Xiaoping takes control of the Communist Party

Critical Junctures: Deng Xiaoping ▶ 1979: Deng Xiaoping takes control of the Communist Party ▶ ▶ Open Door Trade policy Reforms in Education Restored legal system/bureaucracy Old China Four Modernizations New Social Contract: In exchange for accepting the CCP’s monopoly on political power citizens may pursue economic prospertiy. of

Critical Junctures: Deng Xiaoping ▶ Four Modernizations ▶ ▶ Agriculture Industry Science Military

Critical Junctures: Deng Xiaoping ▶ Four Modernizations ▶ ▶ Agriculture Industry Science Military

Critical Junctures: Deng Xiaoping ▶ ▶ Socialist Market Economy Household Responsibility System ▶ ▶

Critical Junctures: Deng Xiaoping ▶ ▶ Socialist Market Economy Household Responsibility System ▶ ▶ ▶ Replaced communes After paying taxes/contract fees to govt, families may consume/sell what they produce More Economic Liberalization ▶ Special Economic Zones (SEZs) ▶ ▶ Promote foreign investment Township and Village Enterprises (TVEs)

Critical Junctures: Deng CLOWN Xiaoping ▶ Economic Success: ▶ ▶ ▶ Fastest-growing major economy

Critical Junctures: Deng CLOWN Xiaoping ▶ Economic Success: ▶ ▶ ▶ Fastest-growing major economy in the world for more than two decades GDP per capita grew at avg rate of a little over 9% per year from 1990 -2009 Economic Problems: ▶ ▶ No more “iron rice bowl” – cradle to grave benefits Unemployment Inequality Floating Population – urban migration & issues with hukou (household registration)

Critical Junctures: Deng Xiaoping ▶ ▶ China embraced market reforms, gradually moving away from

Critical Junctures: Deng Xiaoping ▶ ▶ China embraced market reforms, gradually moving away from a command economy, but did NOT embrace political or democratic reform 1989: Tiananmen Square protests ▶ ▶ ▶ Large scale demonstrations, among students and more political Used army to crack down Death toll not revealed The Tankman freedoms esp intellectuals for protests

Critical Junctures: Technocrats ▶ After Deng dies, rise of technocrats ▶ ▶ Career-minded bureaucrats

Critical Junctures: Technocrats ▶ After Deng dies, rise of technocrats ▶ ▶ Career-minded bureaucrats who administer public policy according to technical rather than a political rationale Professional competence & political loyalty ▶ ▶ ▶ Jiang Zemin (1993 -2003) Hu Jintao (2003 -2013) Xi Jinping (2013 - ? ) ▶ All had university training in engineering ▶ All were “groomed” by top leaders to move up in ranks ▶ All were head of CMC