AP WORLD HISTORY PERIOD 1 CHAPTER 2 DEVELOPMENTS

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AP WORLD HISTORY PERIOD 1 / CHAPTER 2 DEVELOPMENTS IN SOUTH & SOUTHEAST ASIA

AP WORLD HISTORY PERIOD 1 / CHAPTER 2 DEVELOPMENTS IN SOUTH & SOUTHEAST ASIA

RELIGIOUS INFLUENCES IN SOUTH & SOUTHEAST ASIA • Three major religions will affect the

RELIGIOUS INFLUENCES IN SOUTH & SOUTHEAST ASIA • Three major religions will affect the peoples and culture of S/SE Asia • Islam (will spread through traders and conquest of lands) • Indian Ocean trade • Delhi Sultanate • Hinduism (originates in India, but will be practiced albeit shakily by empires such as the Khmer Empire in Cambodia) • Buddhism (will originate in India, but because it did not correspond well with the caste system, Buddhism will spread to Southeast Asia via monks and traders)

SOUTH ASIAN RELIGIONS AND EMPIRES • Religious Practices • Islam • Hinduism • Bhakti

SOUTH ASIAN RELIGIONS AND EMPIRES • Religious Practices • Islam • Hinduism • Bhakti movement • Buddhism • Empires/Kingdoms • Vijayanagara Empire (India) • Rajput Kingdom (India) • Sinhala Dynasties (Sri Lanka)

DELHI SULTANATE (1206 -1526) In the 7 th century, Muslim invaders, traders, and migrants

DELHI SULTANATE (1206 -1526) In the 7 th century, Muslim invaders, traders, and migrants carry Islamic civilization to India 711: Sind, land in western India, conquered 12 th c. : Indus River Valley and north central India conquered by Muhammad of Ghur 1206: creation of Delhi Sultanate, an extensive Islamic state in the Indus valley and north-central India led by Wutb-ud-din Aibak For the first time since the Guptas, North India is now unified Society where Muslim rulers governed Hindu subjects, employ Hindus to govern over small communities Although the Delhi Sultanate is militarily powerful, it does not establish a strong government. 1298: Seized trading state of Gujarat to increase success in Indian Ocean trade

ISLAM IN INDIA Islamic civilization was enriched by Indian culture, while Indian achievements were

ISLAM IN INDIA Islamic civilization was enriched by Indian culture, while Indian achievements were passed to Arabs Muslims came as conquerors but interactions with Indians were generally peaceful, while the main carriers of Islam were conquerors, traders, and Sufi mystics. Additionally, colonies of Arab traders settled along India’s coasts, adopted local customs Provided staging points for Islamic expansion to Southeast Asia. Muslim communities adopted many Indian ways and attempts were made to bridge the

HINDUISM VS. ISLAM High-caste Hindus did not accept Muslims as equals and did not

HINDUISM VS. ISLAM High-caste Hindus did not accept Muslims as equals and did not want to give up their caste spots to their conquerors, but lower caste members and untouchables liked the equality in Islam succumbs to the caste system; could not eradicate it. Hindus maintain dominance in the system. Muslim Ulama stressed the incompatibility of Islam’s principles with Hindu beliefs. Majority of population in India remained Hindu, and India remained the least converted of all regions where Islam spreads.

HINDUISM VS. ISLAM Religion Society Hinduism Islam Open, tolerant, polytheistic, inclusive of widely varying

HINDUISM VS. ISLAM Religion Society Hinduism Islam Open, tolerant, polytheistic, inclusive of widely varying forms of religion, no emphasis on proselytizing Rigid caste system Unflinchingly monotheistic, proselytizing Egalitarian (all equal under God) • There are not many Indian Hindu converts to Islam, as a result of these differences. Additionally, the two religions have a difficult time co-existing.

BHAKTI MOVEMENT “Bhakti” means devotion or devotional love Emerges in south India in 7

BHAKTI MOVEMENT “Bhakti” means devotion or devotional love Emerges in south India in 7 th c. CE A reform of Hinduism that promoted an alternate path to salvation through devotion, not outdated rituals Enormously popular because: It empowered those in the lowest segments of the caste system It emphasized the individual’s direct connection to the gods Bhagavad Gita is one of the central Bhakti texts Considered the defining movement of Hinduism today

VIJAYANAGARA EMPIRE 1336 - 1646 Southern provinces united after repeated attempts to ward off

VIJAYANAGARA EMPIRE 1336 - 1646 Southern provinces united after repeated attempts to ward off Islamic invaders in the south Hugely wealthy empire that participated in Indian Ocean trade Trade with China’s admiral Zheng He was common Hinduism was promoted Bhakti was active in Vijayanagara Empire Led by a king with a large cabinet of ministers headed by a prime minister Empire was divided into five main provinces Economy was based on agriculture: sorghum, cotton, sugarcane, rice, wheat Significant in world history as this empire transcended regionalism by promoting a broadly common form of Hinduism

RAJPUT KINGDOMS What are the Rajput? Claim descendance from three Hindu gods: sun god;

RAJPUT KINGDOMS What are the Rajput? Claim descendance from three Hindu gods: sun god; moon god; fire god Became an elite group of Indians who mostly were in the warrior caste Never unite into one large kingdom because they were very loyal to their individual clans Rajput kingdoms were kingdoms in the northern half of India ruled/led by members of the Rajput Prevented total Muslim conquest in the early post classical period (until Delhi Sultunate) Significance: helped keep power in northern India controlled by elite classes and prevented (at times) Muslim consolidated power in the north

SINHALA DYNASTIES Sinhala monarchies refers to the kings of Sri Lanka was not ruled

SINHALA DYNASTIES Sinhala monarchies refers to the kings of Sri Lanka was not ruled as a unified island System of government: monarch with absolute power; supported by officials and ministers; succession was hereditary After Buddhism was introduced, Buddhism became the predominant religious practice on the island with Buddhist priests occupying a central social and political role 1796: British entered the island gained control of coastal areas 1815: Britain recognized the island as part of the British Empire (ended 2357 years of independent Sinhala rule)

 • What were some major empires in South Asia? • Can you name

• What were some major empires in South Asia? • Can you name one fact about each? QUICK REVIEW QUESTION

RELIGIOUS PRACTICE IN SOUTHEAST ASIA • Religious Practices • Islam • Hinduism • Bhakti

RELIGIOUS PRACTICE IN SOUTHEAST ASIA • Religious Practices • Islam • Hinduism • Bhakti movement • Buddhism • Especially Buddhist monasticism • Empires/Kingdoms Khmer Empire Srivijaya Empire Majapahit Sukhothai Kingdom

ISLAM IN SOUTHEAST ASIA Continues to spread East after Islam is in India; result

ISLAM IN SOUTHEAST ASIA Continues to spread East after Islam is in India; result of trading contacts and Sufi conversion efforts rather than military conquests. 8 th c. : Southeast Asian sailors and ships, who were active in trade, interacted with Islamic traders after Muslims had gained control of Indian Ocean commerce Coastal cities were most receptive to Islam; most exposed to a variety of things due to interactions with other cultures through trade Conversions are generally peaceful: New believers combine Islamic teaching/rituals with elements of local religion.

BUDDHISM VS. ISLAM Buddhism Open, tolerant of other religions, multiple forms of Buddha, proselytizing

BUDDHISM VS. ISLAM Buddhism Open, tolerant of other religions, multiple forms of Buddha, proselytizing Belief that individuals are equal; renounces caste Religion Society • Islam Unflinchingly monotheistic, proselytizing Egalitarian (all equal under God) There were Buddhist who converted to Islam all across Southeast Asia, and many were peaceful; Buddhists were the most numerous converts to Islam.

BUDDHIST MONASTICISM • Buddhism itself though was extremely popular in SE Asia • Critically

BUDDHIST MONASTICISM • Buddhism itself though was extremely popular in SE Asia • Critically important to world history this is how (in addition to merchants) Buddhism spread from India to Southeast and East Asia • Monasticism: a religious way of life that renounces worldly pursuits for spiritual ones • Live celibate lives that are simple and focused • Buddhist monks/nuns are responsible for preserving and spreading Buddhist teachings • They also must provide a living example of how to lead a Buddhist life • Monastic practices can vary significantly from region to

SRIVIJAYA EMPIRE 7 T H – 12 T H C. Empire in modern-day Indonesia

SRIVIJAYA EMPIRE 7 T H – 12 T H C. Empire in modern-day Indonesia Traded extensively with India and China Controlled two main passageways: Sunda Straits & Strait of Malacca Cross-cultural: incorporated Buddhism and Chinese political practices China considered Srivijaya Empire a vassal (vassal states are subordinate to another nation); indicates a strong relationship between China and Srivijaya Heavily Buddhist: popular form was Vajrayana Buddhism is a mystical form of Buddhism that involves the cultivation of magical or supernatural powers This was popular because Buddhist monks mixed Buddhist practice with indigenous reliance on magic (syncretism) Declined when Chola, an Indian dynasty, attacked them in 1025 Islam was spread by the Chola

KHMER EMPIRE (ALSO CALLED ANGKOR KINGDOM) Kingdom in SE Asia that ruled over Cambodia,

KHMER EMPIRE (ALSO CALLED ANGKOR KINGDOM) Kingdom in SE Asia that ruled over Cambodia, Laos, Thailand, and Vietnam Founded by Jayavarman II in 802 Power was held by hereditary emperors supported by provincial and local ruelrs Capital was Angkor, at which there was a huge city and temple complex (Angkor Wat) Highly agricultural: champa rice paddies supported by huge system of irrigation and canals Kingdom began as Hindu, but gradually shifted to being Buddhist Jayavarman VII is generally considered the greatest king Ordered huge building projects: highways; hospitals; monuments; temples Added onto and converted Angkor Wat to be a Buddhist temple

SUKHOTHAI KINGDOM 1238 - 1438 Empire in mostly modern day Thailand Formed after a

SUKHOTHAI KINGDOM 1238 - 1438 Empire in mostly modern day Thailand Formed after a local revolt against the Khmer Empire Expansion soon followed By 14 th century, they controlled most of modern day Thailand while eastern provinces remained under Khmer/Angkor rule Trading relations existed with the Mongol Yuan Dynasty in China Sukhothai Kingdom known for its exported glazed ceramics Predominantly Hindu though Buddhism was practiced

MAJAPAHIT EMPIRE 1293 -1527 SE Asian empire of 98 tributaries One of the last

MAJAPAHIT EMPIRE 1293 -1527 SE Asian empire of 98 tributaries One of the last major empires of SE Asia Precedent for modern Indonesia’s boundaries Primarily a Hindu empire, though Buddhism was also practiced Though Muslim courtiers were present, Islam does not seem to be a major religion yet in this area Well organized bureaucratic structure that promoted an absolute king 14 th c. : experienced a Golden Age with expansion and cultural growth Primarily traded spices: clove; nutmeg; cinnamon Heavily agricultural: rice; sesame; bananas; coconut; sugarcane

SULTANATE OF MALACCA 1400 -1511 Descendent of Srivijaya Empire in Indonesia One of the

SULTANATE OF MALACCA 1400 -1511 Descendent of Srivijaya Empire in Indonesia One of the most important ports for importing, storing, exporting goods Seafaring society Critical trading empire in the Indian Ocean trade routes Emerged as a center for Islamic learning and dissemination Had a golden age of literature and arts 1511: fell to the Portuguese Empire King retreated further into the empire and established a new kingdom

INDIAN OCEAN TRADE Chinese Junks (huge ships) were common – ship models refined in

INDIAN OCEAN TRADE Chinese Junks (huge ships) were common – ship models refined in late Tang and Song • Established market networks along Indian ocean coast • Arab control and Chinese control often rivaled in Indian Ocean • Compasses and astrolabes used to increase accuracy in navigation • Led to exchanges of religious ideas and technologies • A typical junk compared to Columbus' Santa Maria

INDIAN OCEAN TRADE • Unlike the Silk Roads, transportation costs much lower • Ships

INDIAN OCEAN TRADE • Unlike the Silk Roads, transportation costs much lower • Ships could carry much more at one time than camels • Sea Roads carried more bulk and staple goods (not just luxury items like the Silk Roads) • Exported raw materials (furs, ivory, gold, salt, timber) in return for Indian, Islamic and Chinese luxuries • Monsoons = alternating wind currents • Summer: blow NE from SW • Winter: blow SW from NE • Trade occurred between individual merchant towns, not facilitated by major empires

INDIAN OCEAN TRADE & DIASPORAS • Given the time-consuming nature of trade and exchange,

INDIAN OCEAN TRADE & DIASPORAS • Given the time-consuming nature of trade and exchange, it was common for traders to move about and permanently settle in new locations • Diasporic communities in the Indian Ocean emerged as a result • Arabs and Persians in East Africa (Swahili coast) • Chinese merchants in southeast Asia • Malay communities in Indian Ocean basin • Led to an exchange of religions, languages, and other forms of

 • What were some major empires in Southeast Asia? • Can you name

• What were some major empires in Southeast Asia? • Can you name one fact about each? QUICK REVIEW QUESTION

SUMMATIVE GROUP ACTIVITY • Imagine you are a trader in India. Do you like

SUMMATIVE GROUP ACTIVITY • Imagine you are a trader in India. Do you like Islam? Are you interested in it? Explain. • Imagine you are an aristocrat in India. Do you like Islam? Are you interested in it? Explain. • Imagine you are a trader in Southeast Asia. Do you like Islam? Are you interested in it? Explain.