EMOTIONAL CONCERN ANGER HOSTILITY ANGER What is Anger

EMOTIONAL CONCERN: ANGER, HOSTILITY, &

ØANGER � What is Anger? Fierce displeasure q Extreme Annoyance q Rage q Wrath, etc. q

q This state of heightened arousal puts a great strain on the body and while it is useful as a short term emergency response it is not ideal as a long term emotional and physical state q Feeling mad in response to frustration or injury and expressing oneself in an impulsive manner without thought.

Consequences Of Anger � Damaged relationships � Make you lose � Stress rewards � Loss of money � Loss of credibility � Loss of life � Insult � Job loss � Accidents � Health issues � Physical attack � Landing in jail � Packed bags -> home � Irrational behavior

Consequences Of Anger � Broken relationships � Land up in jail � Self pity � You cool down � Bad health � You regret � Loss of trust � Stress � Loss of jobs � Loss of respect � Physical health suffers � You may harm someone else

How frequent episodes of Anger turn into Attitude? When something happens We give meaning (-/+) We Reaction becomes Habit gradually becomes Attitude

Why people get Angry anyway? � Justify oppressing others. � Elevate the low self-worth. � Hide and displace other feelings and emotions (e. g. fear).

Types of Anger Assaulting Aggressive Hurtful Rebellious Explicit Implicit Veiled Suppressed

Types of Anger Assaulting: Physical attack Aggressive: Criticism, finding faults, speaking loud � Hurtful: Lying, stealing, gossiping, trouble making � Rebellious: Open defiance, refusal to talk, taking authority � Veiled: Distrust, skepticism, jealousy, envy, � Suppressed (passive-aggressiveness): � Unresponsive, overly nice, always late, victimized � �

When Do You Feel Angry? (Direct Causes) � Someone around you doesn’t behave/work according to your expectations � Someone disagrees with you in your views or criticizes you � People don’t stand by their commitments � You are cheated by someone � If someone comes in your way of achieving your goals � If you have been insulted etc.

When Do You Feel Angry? (Indirect Causes) � Eating disorders (what you eat and how? ) � Personal Organization � Reading Habits (what you read? ) � Disturbed marital life (impotency or fragility) � Hunger � Other external factors like bad weather, traffic, pollution, financial losses etc.

But who gets angry quickly? ? ? People having weaker minds!!! Why ? Because they don’t have strong control over their lower mind. Once the higher minds loses its control over the lower one, the lower mind reacts impulsively without understanding the situation and the facts!!

Physical changes taking place in the body when a person is Angry � Adrenal gland starts secreting Adrenaline, the stress hormone. This helps convert glycogen in the liver into blood to provide instant energy to the body. � Breathing becomes faster to provide more oxygen to the body � Heart starts beating faster to increase blood circulation

� Blood vessels are dilated and blood pressure increases � Digestion is shut down to divert blood to skeleton muscles to provide them with more energy � Mouth dries up as salivary glands reduce their secretion � The activity of the immune system gets withdrawn temporarily

The diseases caused by frequent episodes of Anger � Migraine & headaches � Digestive disorder, ulcers and gastritis � High blood pressure � Increase of cholesterol level of blood, thickening and hardening of arteries � Diabetes � Arthritis & rheumatism � Muscular tightness and backaches � Weaker immune system

Three Stages of Anger � Thought � Feelings � Action If the anger is to be controlled, this has to be done at the first stage. At later stages it is difficult to control the anger, if not impossible.

Controlling the Anger (level 1) � First and the foremost step is to understand if one is in the state of anger � Change in posture � Drink water � Supplications � Ablution � Cold water treatment � Breathing exercises

Controlling the Anger (level 2) � Reduce violent stimuli � Find & preempt the frustrating factors � Find company of sober and decent friends � Do not respond in violent/harsh words � Mild Exercises (e. g. a brisk walk) � Visualization (Relaxation) � Symptom Substitution Technique � Abdominal breathing

Controlling the Anger (level 3) � Realize the consequences � Forgiveness � Development of a strong vision � Reduce Expectations

Best examples to express your Anger! � He would forgive the other person if it resulted in his personal displeasure only. But he used to deal with the matter seriously if he found the matter violating the timeless principles & values.

Self Introspection for control of Anger � Why I became angry? � Was it really necessary to become angry? � What benefit was achieved by getting angry?

Self Introspection reveals that… � Situation worsens if anger is replied with anger � The atmosphere gets polluted for further talks or negotiations � The bad opinion of the other person is further reinforced.

� Behavior of other people cannot be changed with showing anger � Clarity of vision and goals saves from a lot of situations where one can get angry � Understanding the fact that NOT everything is urgent and important

Benefits of Conquest of Anger � Better ability to steer the situation � Stability in relations with others � Better mental and physical health � Strong will power as the energy is saved to be provided to other areas where it is really required.

Tackling the Anger of Others � Apologize if there was really a mistake on your part. � Listening � Problem Solving � Exercise time outs � Humor

Tackling the Anger of Others � First pants then shoes strategy: Do NOT respond to the anger of the other person without making things worse by defending yourself. You can always defend yourself later.

Handling Repressed Anger � Disclose your inner feelings to a trusted friend � Write your feelings out. � Get into some physical activity/sports

ØHOSTILITY Hostility is an attitude of scorn (disrespect) + rejection + dislike or hatred of one or more people and a conscious intention to hurt them. q Hostility is being ready for a fight all the time. Hostile people are often stubborn, impatient, hotheaded, or have an "attitude. “ q Hostility is an emotional reaction between people, it is rarely affected by logic or "clear thinking. " q

Surface Causes of Hostility � She/he feels threatened, humiliated, scorned, ignored, attacked, manipulated, and/or injured by you or someone else; � She/he resents you or another for an imagined or real behavior or attitude (like superiority, distrust, rejection, dislike, or disrespect); � She/he covets something like your possessions, relationship, traits, social status, looks, job, family, and may feel "entitled" to them but unable to attain them;

� She/he feels you have threatened or hurt someone she/he cares for, and she/he seeks "revenge; " � She/he strongly disagrees with key values you hold (like religion, evolution , abortion, or bigotry), and resents your disparaging him/her or supporters about this; � She/he feels personally and/or socially rejected (excluded) by you or someone else. � She/he feels you don't listen to her or him on important matters, and/or you are "unapproachable. "

Primary Causes of Hostility 1) Typical hostile persons have inherited significant psychological wounds from early-childhood neglect, abandonment, and abuse. They don't (want to) know this - or if they do, they don't know what to do about it.

� Psychological wounding typically promotes impulsivity, anger, sarcasm, ignoring long-tem consequences, disrespect, arguing, selfishness, focus on the past, envy, entitlement, righteousness, rigidity, superiority, reality distortions (like denials), bigotry, dishonesty, blame, self-justification, and an inability to see one's self as half the problem.

2. Typical hostile people are unaware of effective communication skills (symptom: repeated dynamics like these vs. winwin problem-solving). They are often unaware of how they try to fill their social needs, and how their way often makes things worse.

3. These two factors combine to promote mutual dislike, disrespect, and distrust, which powerfully inhibit effective problem-solving, forgiveness, and genuine co-operation.

Manage Your Own Hostility � Breathe � Firmly tell whatever yourself is giving you the aggressive thoughts and feelings to STOP! � if you feel threatened, identify what they fear and review your options to reduce threat;

� If you feel angry, explore whether you hurt by the other person/s behaviors. Often, hurt follows scorn, disrespect, and/or rejection;

Respond Well to Other’s Hostility � Breathe well, and mentally review your rights to prepare for any needed assertions; � Check to see that you have a genuine mutualrespect attitude. If you feel superior or inferior, a false self controls you. You face and body language will probably convey your attitude; � Identify what you need now (e. g. select from the following options, leave, and/or call for help);

� Calmly ask the other person what, specifically, do they need from you now; � Listen empathically to the other person without debating, arguing, or agreeing with them. This is essential, for otherwise the person's raised emotional level will prevent them from hearing you; � Apologize, if you've hurt, misjudged, or offended them; � Call for help and/or leave if the other person is out of control and violent.

ØAGGRESSION � Derived from the word aggress means "unprovoked attack”(1610). � Behavior that results in personal injury or destruction of property (Bandura, 1973) � Behaviour between members of the same species intended to cause pain or harm((Scherer et al, 1975) � The intentional infliction of some form of harm on others (Baron & Byrne, 2000)

AGGRESSION VS VIOLENCE extreme, unjustifiable aggression, usually violating social sanctions and causing destruction. q It is used almost exclusively to describe human behaviour. q Violence is physically or psychologically harmful human aggression that involves the threat or use of force. q All violence is aggression, but many instances of aggression are not violent. q

TYPES OF AGGRESSION Instrumental aggression q is rational and calculated q Aggression is used by the individual in order to maximize personal gains

TYPES OF AGGRESSION Emotional aggression q is reactive and impulsive q Aggression is driven by feelings (e. g. , anger), often in the absence of a rational cost-benefit analysis

TYPES OF AGGRESSION PROACTIVE AGGRESSION q (instrumental , planned, premeditated, coldblooded, or predatory aggression) Actor initiates the aggression against a target without immediate provocation. q It is atypical in psychiatric emergencies.

TYPES OF AGGRESSION REACTIVE AGGRESSION q (Hostile, affective, defensive, hotblooded, or impulsive aggression ) in the sense that the actor is responding to a threat. q This is characteristic of violence seen in psychiatric emergencies

Biological explanations of aggression Freud � Lorenz Freud (1930) argued that human aggressions stems from a ‘Death Instinct’: �This destructive energy builds up inside us and eventually spills out in the form of violence against others or against the self � Lorenz (1966) adapted Darwin’s theory of evolution and the principle of survival of the fittest: �He argued that the ‘Fighting Instinct’ is inherent and necessary for survival

Causes of Human Aggression Situational Determinants of Aggression � Alcohol �Intoxication facilitates aggression by impairing cognitive processing, narrows attention �Result is more extreme, less moderated behavior �Aggressive response: often powerful and simple �Inhibiting response: often weaker and more complex

So what causes aggression? q Theories have been proposed at all levels of analysis: o biology o individual personality o specific situations o broader cultural norms and values

So what causes aggression? Aggression is likely to be the outcome of a complex process that involves multiple factors q Biological process related to arousal and the experience of emotion. q Individual differences in the interpretation of incoming information. q Situational cues that exacerbate hostility or trigger an aggressive response. q Norms and values about what is and is not appropriate. q

Symptom Domains 1. Impulsive (rapid, thoughtless, aggressive acts) 2. Affective instability (affectively charged attacks with seemingly little provocation) 3. Anxiety/hyper-arousal (overwhelming anxiety and frustration leading to aggressive outbursts)

Substance Abuse or Medication Effects and Aggression q Alcohol q Cocaine q Methamphetamine q Anabolic Steroids q Phencyclidine

Managing Aggression � Insight-oriented psychotherapy � Cognitive–behaviour therapy � Supportive psychotherapy � Behaviour modification � Anger management

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