Conquistadors Hernando Cortes Francisco Pizarro Hernando Cortes and

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Conquistadors Hernando Cortes Francisco Pizarro

Conquistadors Hernando Cortes Francisco Pizarro

Hernando Cortes and the Aztecs • Hernando Cortes was a Spanish conquistador who landed

Hernando Cortes and the Aztecs • Hernando Cortes was a Spanish conquistador who landed in Mexico in 1519.

 • The Aztec emperor was named Moctezuma. (commonly referred to as Montezuma)

• The Aztec emperor was named Moctezuma. (commonly referred to as Montezuma)

 • The Aztecs thought that he was a God and sent him gifts.

• The Aztecs thought that he was a God and sent him gifts. • Aztec Greetings - start at 6: 19

 • Cortes led the Spaniards and their Native American allies to the Aztec

• Cortes led the Spaniards and their Native American allies to the Aztec capital, Tenochtitlan.

 • Outnumbered, hundreds of Spaniards were killed in 1519.

• Outnumbered, hundreds of Spaniards were killed in 1519.

 • In 1521, Cortes defeated the Aztecs, and Tenochtitlan was renamed Mexico City,

• In 1521, Cortes defeated the Aztecs, and Tenochtitlan was renamed Mexico City, which today is the capital of Mexico.

Aztec capital of Tenochtitlan Mexican capital of Mexico City

Aztec capital of Tenochtitlan Mexican capital of Mexico City

How did Cortes defeat the Aztecs? • The Spaniards had superior technology, such as

How did Cortes defeat the Aztecs? • The Spaniards had superior technology, such as guns and cannons.

 • Smallpox killed hundreds of Aztecs. Aztec drawing representing patients affected by smallpox

• Smallpox killed hundreds of Aztecs. Aztec drawing representing patients affected by smallpox at different stages.

 • The Aztecs wrongfully believed that Cortes was a God.

• The Aztecs wrongfully believed that Cortes was a God.

 • The Spaniards had Native American allies on their side. The final conquest

• The Spaniards had Native American allies on their side. The final conquest of Tenochtitlan by Cortes and his allies.

Francisco Pizarro and the Incas • Francisco Pizarro was the Spanish conquistador that attacked

Francisco Pizarro and the Incas • Francisco Pizarro was the Spanish conquistador that attacked the Incan Empire in 1532.

When Pizarro arrived, the Incans were in the midst of a civil war Atahualpa

When Pizarro arrived, the Incans were in the midst of a civil war Atahualpa was the more powerful Incan Emperor

Leading about 150 men, Pizarro landed on the northern coast of the Inca Empire

Leading about 150 men, Pizarro landed on the northern coast of the Inca Empire in early 1523.

 • Don’t write: • The Spanish told Incan messengers that they wished only

• Don’t write: • The Spanish told Incan messengers that they wished only to admire the Incan ruler Atahualpa. • Pizarro decided that only a quick, brutal attack would give his men an advantage over the thousands of Incan warriors. With this plan in mind, he called for a meeting with Atahualpa. But Pizarro waited safely behind with his army and sent a Spanish monk in his place. • The monk offered Atahualpa a Bible and told the chief that he should give up his Inca beliefs. Atahualpa was angry and threw the Bible to the ground saying, "I will be no man's slave. I am greater than any prince upon the earth…. As for my faith, I will not change it. " • When the monk reported that the Inca chief would not become a Christian, Pizarro and his troops came out of hiding , killing more than 5, 000 Inca. Atahualpa was taken prisoner.

 • After his capture, Atahualpa gave gold and silver to the Spanish in

• After his capture, Atahualpa gave gold and silver to the Spanish in return for his freedom. Don’t Write: Atahualpa offered the Spanish a room filled with gold up to where his arm reached, and two more with silver in exchange for his release.

 • Atahualpa was killed after the Spanish received their riches. Atahualpa was declared

• Atahualpa was killed after the Spanish received their riches. Atahualpa was declared a heretic for refusing to recognize Christ's faith and for proclaiming himself Son of the Sun. Atahualpa was sentenced to be burned at the stake, against the wishes of Pizarro.

 • Pizarro then founded the city of Lima, which today is the capital

• Pizarro then founded the city of Lima, which today is the capital of Peru. Statue of Francisco Pizarro, Plaza de Armas, Lima, Peru

Coffin of Francisco Pizarro, the Tomb of the Conquistador, the Cathedral, Plaza Mayor, Lima,

Coffin of Francisco Pizarro, the Tomb of the Conquistador, the Cathedral, Plaza Mayor, Lima, Peru

Don’t Write: • In February 1536, an army of 200, 000 Inca warriors went

Don’t Write: • In February 1536, an army of 200, 000 Inca warriors went to fight the Spanish. • But the Inca failed because most supplies had been used up in a civil war only a short time before the Spanish arrived. • The Inca retreated into the Andes Mountains. • There they continued to fight the Spanish until 1572, when the Spanish finally defeated them.

Two Empires Destroyed Why so quickly and easily?

Two Empires Destroyed Why so quickly and easily?

First , the Spanish weapons were better. They fought with cannons and crossbow as

First , the Spanish weapons were better. They fought with cannons and crossbow as well as metal armor, horses, spears and swords made of iron and early firearms.

"Their skin is white, as chalk…. Their dogs are great monsters with flat ears

"Their skin is white, as chalk…. Their dogs are great monsters with flat ears and long tongues which hang out. " These are the words used by Aztec messengers who tried to describe what they saw when they met the Spanish for the first time in Mexico. "A ball of stone flies out of their bellies and rains fire…. If the ball hits a tree, it blows away in splinters, as though a magician had blown it away from inside. " "Their battle dress and their weapons are all made of iron…. They are carried on the backs of large deer [horses] wherever they like to go.

The Aztec, with bronze and copper shields, stone knives, and cloth armor, were no

The Aztec, with bronze and copper shields, stone knives, and cloth armor, were no match for them.

Second, the Spanish and the Aztec came from very different cultures. Don’t Write: They

Second, the Spanish and the Aztec came from very different cultures. Don’t Write: They had different ways of living and believing. Moctezuma believed that Cortes might have been a god, so he allowed Cortez to walk freely into the capital city. But Cortes saw the Aztec culture as something evil to be destroyed and replaced by the Christian faith. The two groups even fought by different rules. The Aztec usually took captives to kill as sacrifices to their gods. The Spanish, however, fought to kill their enemies on the battlefield.

Third, the Spanish took advantage of the weakened and rebellious condition of the Aztec

Third, the Spanish took advantage of the weakened and rebellious condition of the Aztec and Inca empires. Many tribes were angry against the Aztec, so they were willing to guide the Spanish through their territory and help them win their battles. Tragically, the Spanish then turned and fought those helpful tribes once the Spanish got what they wanted.

Finally, disease brought by the Europeans killed many Aztec and Inca. Smallpox and measles,

Finally, disease brought by the Europeans killed many Aztec and Inca. Smallpox and measles, which the Aztec and Inca had never been exposed to, spread rapidly through their empires. Disease killed off many in their armies, and killed off many leaders too, leaving the Aztec and Inca even weaker.

In some areas more than 90 percent of the population died as the result

In some areas more than 90 percent of the population died as the result of the Spanish takeover. With no one to stop them, rich Spanish nobles took over the land forced the Aztec into slavery on farms and in silver mines. The chart on the right shows the population decline among the Aztec and the Inca after the arrival of the Spanish.

The Portuguese in Brazil Portuguese built an empire in the Americas Because of treaty,

The Portuguese in Brazil Portuguese built an empire in the Americas Because of treaty, their empire was not as large as the Spanish one Treaty • 1494, Treaty of Tordesillas drew imaginary line through Atlantic Ocean – Everything west, including most of then-undiscovered Americas, would belong to Spain – Everything to east would be Portuguese – Only Brazil remained as Portuguese colony Colonization • Heavy Brazilian jungles made mining, farming difficult • Portuguese in no hurry to settle • 1530 s, colonists slowly moved in, mostly along Atlantic coast – Established huge farming estates, as in Spanish lands – First used Native American, then African slave, labor to work on farms

Spain Builds an Empire • Scramble to establish colonies and empires in new lands

Spain Builds an Empire • Scramble to establish colonies and empires in new lands • Spain first to successfully settle in the Americas Spain in Caribbean Encomienda Millions Died • First areas settled by Spanish, Caribbean islands, Hispaniola, Cuba • Conquistadors given land by Spanish King and Native Americans are forced to work the land • Disastrous system for Native Americans • No gold • Spanish introduced encomienda system there • Rebels were killed • Mistreatment, overwork took toll on population • Europeans spread new diseases

Life in the Spanish Empire • With Mexico & Peru, Spain gained control of

Life in the Spanish Empire • With Mexico & Peru, Spain gained control of huge empire in Americas • Spanish king chose officials, or viceroys, to govern American holdings • Spanish colonial economy based on gold, silver mining, farming • Spanish drafted Native Americans for labor in mines, on farms

Beginnings of Slavery • Disease, mistreatment took toll on native population • Some appalled

Beginnings of Slavery • Disease, mistreatment took toll on native population • Some appalled at treatment • One reformer, Bartolomé de Las Casas recommended replacing Native Americans as laborers with imported African slaves • Slave labor soon became common practice in Americas

Triangular Trade

Triangular Trade

Middle Passage – passage across the Atlantic Ocean from West Africa to the Americas

Middle Passage – passage across the Atlantic Ocean from West Africa to the Americas this was the route of the African American slave trade

The slave ship Brookes with 482 people packed onto the decks. The drawing of

The slave ship Brookes with 482 people packed onto the decks. The drawing of the slave ship Brookes was distributed by the Abolitionist Society in England as part of their campaign against the slave trade, and dates from 1789.

Interior of a Slave Ship, a woodcut illustration from the publication, A History of

Interior of a Slave Ship, a woodcut illustration from the publication, A History of the Amistad Captives, reveals how hundreds of slaves could be held within a slave ship. Tightly packed and confined in an area with just barely enough room to sit up, slaves were known to die from a lack of breathable air.

 • Africans were crowded and chained cruelly aboard slave ships.

• Africans were crowded and chained cruelly aboard slave ships.

". . . the excessive heat was not the only thing that rendered their

". . . the excessive heat was not the only thing that rendered their situation intolerable. The deck, that is the floor of their rooms, was so covered with the blood and mucus which had proceeded from them in consequence of the flux, that it resembled a slaughterhouse. " -Alexander Falconbridge, a surgeon aboard slave ships and later the governor of a British colony for freed slaves in Sierra Leone.

Frequently, slaves were permitted on deck in small groups for brief periods, where the

Frequently, slaves were permitted on deck in small groups for brief periods, where the crew would encourage, and many times force, captives to dance for exercise.

"Exercise being deemed necessary for the preservation of their health they are sometimes obliged

"Exercise being deemed necessary for the preservation of their health they are sometimes obliged to dance when the weather will permit their coming on deck. If they go about it reluctantly or do not move with agility, they are flogged…” Taken from Alexander Falconbridge, An Account of the Slave Trade on the Coast of Africa.

Heading for Jamaica in 1781, the ship Zong was nearing the end of its

Heading for Jamaica in 1781, the ship Zong was nearing the end of its voyage. It had been twelve weeks since it had sailed from the west African coast with its cargo of 417 slaves. Water was running out. Then, compounding the problem, there was an outbreak of disease. The ship's captain, reasoning that the slaves were going to die anyway, made a decision. In order to reduce the owner's losses he would throw overboard the slaves thought to be too sick to recover. The voyage was insured, but the insurance would not pay for sick slaves or even those killed by illness. However, it would cover slaves lost through drowning. The captain gave the order; 54 Africans were chained together, then thrown overboard. Another 78 were drowned over the next two days. By the time the ship had reached the Caribbean, 132 persons had been murdered.

 • Diseases, such as dysentery, malaria, and smallpox killed thousands of Africans. •

• Diseases, such as dysentery, malaria, and smallpox killed thousands of Africans. • From 13% - 20% of the Africans aboard slave ships died during the Middle Passage. • Between 1699 and 1845 there were 55 successful African uprisings on slave ships. William Snelgrave, from A New Account of Some Parts of Guinea, and the Slave Trade