Conditional Sentences and Wishes Chapter 20 Overview of

Conditional Sentences and Wishes Chapter 20

Overview of basic verb form used in conditional sentences Situation If-Clause True in the Present or Simple present Future Result Clause Examples Will + simple form If I have enough time, I watch TV every evening. If I have enough time, I will watch TV later on tonight. Untrue in the Present Simple past or Future Would + simple form If I had enough time, I would watch TV (now or in the future). Untrue in the Past Would have + past participle Past perfect If I had enough time, I would have watched TV yesterday.

Complete the sentences with the verbs in parentheses • I usually send my parents an email every week. That is a true fact. In other words: send have • If I (have) ________ enough time, I (send) ______ my parents an email every week.

• I may have enough time to send my parents an email later tonight. I want to send them an email tonight. Both of those things are true. In other words: will send my parents have • If I (have)______enough time, I (send) ______ an email later tonight.

• I don’t have enough time right now, so I won’t send my parents an email. I’ll try to do it later. I want to email them, but the truth is that I just don’t have enough time right now. In other words: would send had • If I (have) _____ enough time right now, I (send) ______ my parents an email.

• I won’t have enough time tonight, so I won’t send my parents an email. I’ll try to do it tomorrow. I want to email them, but the truth is I just won’t have enough time. In other words: would send my had enough time later tonight, I (send) _____ • If I (have) _____ parents an email.

• I wanted to send my parents an email last night, but I didn’t have enough time. In other words: had would have sent • If I (have) _______ enough time, I (send) ________ my parents an email last night.

True in the present or future • In conditional sentences that express true, factual ideas in the present or future, the simple present (NOT the simple future) is used in the IF-clause. • The result clause (THEN-clause) has various possible forms: SIMPLE PRESENT = expresses a habitual activity or situation If I don’t eat breakfast, I always get hungry during class. SIMPLE PRESENT OR SIMPLE FUTURE = expresses an established, predictable fact or general truth Water freezes/will freeze if the temperature reaches 32 degrees F/0 degrees C. SIMPLE FUTURE = expresses a particular activity or situation in the future If I don’t eat breakfast tomorrow morning, I will get hungry during class. MODALS and IMPERATIVE VERBS can also be used to express other outcomes If it rains, we should stay home. If it rains, I might decide to stay home. If it rains, we can’t go. If it rains, we’re going to stay home. If anyone calls, please take a message.

True in the Present or future • Sometimes SHOULD is used in an IF-clause. It indicates a little more uncertainty than the use of the simple present, but basically the meaning is the same whether SHOULD is used or not. If anyone calls, please take a message. If anyone should call, please take a message.

Choose the correct verb (both answers may be correct) • If I find out the answer, I will let / let you know. • If I have extra time, I tutor / am going to tutor students in math. • If it snows, the roads are / will be closed. • If you run up a hill, your heart beats / will beat faster. • If it should rain tomorrow, we might change / will change our plans. • If my cell phone battery goes dead, I will recharge / would recharge it.

Untrue (contrary to fact) in the Present or Future • If-Clause = Simple Past • Then Clause = Would + Simple Form • If I taught this class, I wouldn’t give tests. (I don’t teach this class. ) • If they were here right now, they would help us. (They are not here. ) • If I were you, I would accept their invitation. (I’m not you. ) Note: Were is used for both singular and plural subjects. Was (with I/he/she/it) is sometimes used in informal speech (If I was you…), but this is not acceptable in writing.

Would vs. Could If I had enough money, I would buy a car. • The speaker wants a car, but doesn’t have enough money. • WOULD expresses desired or predictable results. If I had enough money, I could buy a car. • The speaker is expressing one possible result. • COULD expresses possible options; COULD = would be able to

Let’s Practice P. 419 Ex. 8 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. will bake would bake / could bake have had will go would go is were

Let’s Practice P. 419 – 420 Ex. 10 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. would not be ; were will float; floats were; would not exist doesn’t arrive were; wouldn’t want would human beings live disappears / will disappear had; would have to; wouldn’t be

Untrue (Contrary to fact) in the Past • If Clause - Past Perfect • Result clause - Would Have + Past Participle If you had told me about the problem, I would have helped you. ( You did NOT tell me about it, so I did NOT help you. ) If they had studied, they would have passed the exam. (they did not study, so they failed the exam. ) If I hadn’t slipped on the stairs, I wouldn’t have broken my arm. ( I slipped on the stairs, so I DID break my arm. )

Untrue (Contrary to fact) in the Past Note: when speaking, the auxiliary verbs (have/has) are often reduced (Sometimes in very informal speech they may be dropped/not pronounced all together): If you’d told me, I would’ve helped you.

Untrue (Contrary to fact)in the Past Would VS. Could • Would expresses a desired or predictable result: If I had enough money, I would have bought a car. (Buying the car is what I wanted to do if I had the money/would have been the preferred thing for me to do with the money. ) • Could expresses a possible option: If I had enough money, I could have bought a car. (Buying the car is one possible thing I could have done with the money. )

Let’ Practice P. 422 Ex. 15 1. will do 2. would do 3. would have done Ex. 16 1. have 2. had 3. had 4. will go 5. would go 6. would have gone 7. is 8. were; would visit 9. had been; would have visited 10. had read; wouldn’t have washed

Decide if each sentence is true or untrue • If the weather is warm, we’ll eat outdoors. T • If the weather were warm, we would eat outdoors. U • If the weather had been warm, we would have eaten outdoors. U • If I had more money, I would work less. U • If I had more money, I would have worked less. U • If I take time off from work, I feel more relaxed. T • If I hadn’t had to work, I could have seen you. U • If I didn’t have to work, I could see you. U

Homework P. 425 Ex. 21 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. were; would tell had; would have taken have; will give had; wouldn’t have to had been; wouldn’t have bitten would we use; didn’t have doesn’t rain; will die; will go had realized; wouldn’t have made could/would have come; washed; had told; would come; had called

Homework P. 426 Ex. 23 1. did 2. weren’t 3. had 4. did 5. weren’t 6. had 7. were 8. had 9. didn't 10. weren’t 11. hadn’t

Using Progressive Verb Forms in Conditional Sentences Even in conditional sentences, progressive verb forms are used in progressive situations (chart 1 -2 on p. 3 reviews when to use progressive forms) True: It is raining right now, so I will not go for a walk. Conditional: If it were not raining right now, I would go for a walk. True: It was raining yesterday afternoon, so I did not go for a walk. Conditional: If it had not been raining, I would have gone for a walk.

Let’s Practice P. 427 Exercise 26 1. …if you had been listening, you would have understood the directions. 2. …if you were wearing a coat, you wouldn’t be cold. 3. …if he hadn’t been driving so fast, he wouldn’t have gotten a ticket. 4. …if I weren’t enjoying myself, I would leave. 5. …if you hadn’t been sleeping, I would have told you the news.

Let’s Practice P. 428 Exercise 27 1. …weren’t snowing 2. had been snowing 3. weren’t drying 4. hadn’t been drying 5. were having fun 6. hadn’t been talking

Which sentences are true for you? 1. I wish I were someplace else right now. 2. I wish I could travel all around the world next year. 3. I wish I had learned English when I was a child.

Verb Forms Following Wish • Wish is used when the speaker wants reality to be different (for the situation to be the opposite of what it actually is) • I wish + noun clause (see chart 12 -5 p. 253 to review noun clauses) • Past verb forms, similar to those in conditional sentences, are used in the noun clause.

Verb Forms Following Wish A wish about the future True: She will not tell me. ) Wish: I wish (that) she would tell me. (Would, the past tense of will, is used to make a wish about the future. ) True: He isn’t going to be here. Wish: I wish (that) he were going to be here. (Were going to be, the past tense of is going to be, is used to make a wish about the future. ) • Note that as with untrue present/future conditionals, WERE is used regardless of whether the subject is singular or plural True: She can’t come tomorrow. Wish: I wish (that) she could come tomorrow. (Could, the past tense of can, is used to make a wish about the present. )

Verb Forms Following Wish A wish about the present True: I don’t know French. Wish: I wish I knew French. (The simple past knew is used to make a wish about the present. ) True: It is raining right now. Wish: I wish it weren’t raining right now. (Weren’t raining, past tense for is raining, is used to make a wish about the present. ) True: I can’t speak Japanese. Wish: I wish I could speak Japanese. (Could, the past of can, is used to make a wish about the present. )

Verb Forms Following Wishes about the past True: John didn’t come. Wish: I wish John had come. (The past perfect, had come, is used to make a wish about the past. ) True: Mary couldn’t come. Wish: I wish Mary could have come. (The past perfect, could have come, is used to make a wish about the past

Let’s Practice P. 434 Ex. 40 1. had 2. were shining 3. had gone 4. knew 5. were wearing 6. had 7. could 8. would lend 9. were coming 10. weren’t going to give 11. could meet 12. had come 13. were lying

What is the correct time word for each sentence? 1. Jim’s neighbors play loud music. He wishes they were quieter. Now or Soon 2. Jim’s neighbor are going to move. He wishes they would move. Soon or Last week

Using WOULD to make wishes about the future Would is usually used to indicate that the speaker wants something to happen or wants someone else to do something in the future. The wish may or may not come true. It is raining. I wish it would stop. (Meaning: I want it to stop raining. ) I’m expecting a call. I wish the phone would ring. (Meaning: I want the phone to ring. )

Using WOULD to make wishes about the future I wish you would…. . If often used to make a request. It’s going to be a good party. I wish you would come. (Meaning: I want you to come to the party/I’m asking you to come to the party. ) We’re going to be late. I wish you would hurry up. (Meaning: I’m asking you to please be faster. )

Let’s Practice P. 436 Ex. 44 1. a. Anna wishes Yoko would come to the concert. b. Anna wishes Yoko would change her mind. 2. a. Helen wishes Judy would pick up after herself, wash her dirty dishes, pick up her clothes, and make her bed. b. Judy probably wishes Helen didn’t nag her to pick up after herself.

Ticket out the door. P. 437 Ex. 47 Choose one of the questions from exercise 47 and write your answer.