If Wish Clause IF CLAUSES Conditional sentences describe

If – Wish Clause

IF CLAUSES üConditional sentences describe situations that occur (or do not occur) because of certain conditions. Or in the other words, if conditional used to express that the action in the main clause (without if) can only take place if a certain condition (in the clause with if) is fulfilled. üIn conditional sentences, the clauses can come in either order. We place a comma after the if clause if it is comes first. We don’t generally place a comma after the result clause if it comes first.

There are five types of if clause: Type 0 Type 1 Type 2 Type 3 Mixed Type

Type 0 We use this type of condition to express a universal truth. [ If + simple present ] e. g. If you freeze water, it becomes ice. If you heat snow, it melts.

Type 1 This type of condition is used for present or future activities which are likely to happen. [ If + simple present + will simple form ] e. g. If he doesn’t hurry, he will be late. If we go by train, it will be cheaper.

Type 2 The condition is used for present or future activities which are unlikely or impossible to happen. [ If + simple past + would simple form ] e. g. If I had enough money, I would lend you. If he was a bird, he would fly everywhere.

Type 3 This is the only type of condition which deals with past situations. The action mentioned did not really happen. [ If + past perfect + would have past participle ] e. g. If it had rained yesterday, I would have stayed at home.

Mixed Type The times of the if clause and the result clause are sometimes different. Present unreal and past conditional forms can be “mixed” in the same sentence. v Past event + Present result [ If + Past Perfect + Would + Infinitive ] e. g. If I had studied hard, I would pass the exam.

v Present Result + Past Event [ If + Past + Would + Have + Past Participle ] e. g. If I went to the class, I would have met the new friends

More Examples: üIf Sam were coming, he would have arrived by now. üIf you hadn’t left all these dirty dishes, the place would look a bit tidier. ü If you had planned things at the start, we wouldn’t get into a mess. üIf Jack was more sensible, he would have worn a suit to the interview.

WISHES We often use unreal conditionals to express regret or sadness. In a similar way, we use wish + noun clause to express sadness or a desire for different situation. e. g. I wish (that) I had a better job. (If I had a better job, I’d earn more. )

a. wish + would / could To express a wish about the future. e. g. I wish you would change your mind about buying that house. I wish she could visit us. b. wish + simple past To express a wish about the present. e. g. My wife wishes I helped her with the house work. I wish I lived in a big city. c. wish + past perfect To express a wish about the past. e. g. My son wishes he hadn’t taken that job. I wish you had told me about the dance.

Be careful! Don’t confuse wish and hope. Use wish to express regrets about things that are unlikely or impossible to change. Use hope to express a desire about events that are possible. e. g. I wish she would accept my proposal. (I don’t think she will. ) I hope she will accept my proposal. (It’s possible that she will. )

** If only has a meaning similar to that of wish. If only is followed by a noun clause without that. e. g. I wish (that) I were good at sports. If only I were good at sports. ** Use simple past after if only to express a wish about something that is contrary to fact at present. e. g. If only we weren’t so busy. ** Use past perfect after if only to express a wish that something had happened differently in the past. e. g. If only I hadn’t said that.

Exercise 1. If I ___(be) stronger, I'd help you carry the piano. 2. If we'd seen you, we ___(stop). 3. If we ___(meet) him tomorrow, we'll say hello. 4. He would have repaired the car himself if he ___(have) the tools. 5. If you drop the vase, it ___(break). 6. If you hadn’t studied, I ___(not pass) the exam. 7. I wouldn’t go to school by bus, if I ___(have) a driving licence. 8. If she ___(not see) him everyday, she’d be lovesick.

9. Come before lunchtime if it ___ you. A. suits B. will suit C. suited D. was to suit E. had suited 10. If we ___ double glazing on our windows, we ___ on our heating bills. A. had / would save B. have / are saving C. had / save D. are having /saved E. will have / can save

11. If he ___ how serious the situation is, he ___ around like that. A. should realize / hasn’t been fooling B. had realized / hasn’t fooled C. realized / wouldn’t be fooling D. could realize / wasn’t fooling E. realizes / wouldn’t have fooled 12. If a replacement kidney ___ soon, the patient ___. A. won’t have been found /dies B. wasn’t found / had died C. hadn’t been found / was dying D. wouldn’t have been found / died E. isn’t found / will die

13. A lot of people ___ in the explosion if the medical men ___ so promptly. A. are being killed / don’t act B. were being killed / haven’t been acting C. should have killed / didn’t act D. might have been killed / hadn’t acted E. must be killing / aren’t acting 14. What things ___ you ___ with you if you ___ stranded on a desert island? A. might / take / have been B. would / take / were to be C. could / take / will be D. will / have taken / were E. did / take / could be

15. What a beautiful view! I wish I (bring) ___ my camera with me. 16. If only Mr. Blake (not, interrupt) ___ the speaker all the time, the presentation would have been enjoyable. 17. I quite like this flat, but I wish the people above us (not, be) ___ so noisy. 18. If only I (have) ___ better eye sight. I can’t read anything now without my glasses. 19. I really wish you (stop) ___ whistling. It’s getting on my nerves. 20. I wish you (can, be) ___ at the party last night. You really enjoyed yourself. 21. I wish you (can, see) ___ the look on my husband’s face yesterday when he saw the color I had painted the living room.

22. Everybody would have drowned if the boat ____ the quayside when it sank. A. must not have approached B. didn't approach C. hadn't been approaching D. hasn't approached E. wouldn't be approaching 23. My brother is sitting by the telephone wishing his girlfriend ____ him. A. calls B. has called C. will call D. would call E. is calling 24. I know Sibel wishes she ____ the horses with her friends, but she is too young. A. could ride B. would ride C. will be riding D. would have ridden E. has ridden

25. One day I ____ to visit my cousin in Australia if I can get 3 weeks off work. A. have liked B. had liked C. would like D. liked E. were to like 26. Later on today, I ____ a cake for tea if we ____ all of the necessary ingredients, of course. A. would bake/were having B. will bake/have C. could have baked/had D. will have baked/have had E. were to have baked/would have 27. If people ____ any opium-related drug often enough, they ____ physically dependent, or addicted, to the drug. A. take/become B. took/became C. would take/had become D. were taking/may become E. are taking/have become

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