Chapter 4 Section 1 Social Structure interrelated statuses

Chapter 4, Section 1 Social Structure - interrelated statuses and roles that guide human relationships Status - socially defined position in a group Statuses Ascribed Status - inherited traits, or assigned automatically when reach a certain age Achieved Status - acquired on the basis of a person’s direct effort (competition) (based on knowledge, skills, ability) Master Status - plays biggest role in person’s life and determining your social identity * Can be either Ascribed or Achieved

Chapter 4, Section 1 Roles Role - Behavior, rights, obligations expected of the person having that status Reciprocal Roles- corresponding roles that define the patterns of interaction between related statuses Role Expectation - socially determined behavior expected of person to perform a role Role Performance - actual behavior of person performing a role *actual behavior DOES NOT match society’s expectations Role Conflict - fulfilling one role interferes with fulfilling another Role Strain - difficulty of a person meeting an expectation of a single status

Chapter 4, Section 1 Social Institutions - system of statuses, roles, values, norms ORGANIZED to satisfy ONE or MORE of BASIC NEEDS of society. 7 Major social institutions: 1. Family 5. Economy 2. Politics 6. Science 3. Religion 7. Sports 4. Education Basic needs of society: 1. Physical and emotional support 2. Transmitting knowledge 3. Producing goods/services 4. Maintaining social control

Chapter 4, Section 2 Nature of Social Interaction - Takes many forms, Some stabilize social structure, some promote change 5 Types of Interaction 1. Exchange - occurs whenever people, groups, societies interact in an effort to receive a reward or return for your action. Ex. Dating, friendship, worker Reciprocity - is the root of EXCHANGE; idea if you do something for someone then they owe you Exchange Theory - people are motivated by self-interest behavior that is rewarded tends to be repeated *if cost is greater than reward, behavior is likely to stop

Chapter 4, Section 2 5 Types of Interaction 2. Competition - occurs when 2 or more persons or groups oppose each other to attain a goal that only one can achieve -can be positive(if follow accepted rules of conduct); can be negative (lead to psych stress, inequality, or conflict) 3. Conflict - emphasis is on defeating the opponent -deliberate attempt to control by force, oppose, or harm, or resist the will of another person. (Few rules of conduct and sometimes ignored. ) George Simmel identified 4 sources of conflict: 1. Wars 2. Disagreements 3. Legal disputes

Chapter 4, Section 2 5 Types of Interaction Conflict can be positive: 1 - reinforces group boundaries 2 - strengthens group loyalty 3 - draws attention away from internal problems 4 - leads to social change by bringing up problems and forcing opposing sides to seek solutions

Chapter 4, Section 2 4. Cooperation - occurs when 2 or more persons or group work together to achieve a goal that will benefit many people 5. Accommodation - state of balance between cooperation and conflict; Most interactions fall in this category Many forms: 1. Compromise - both parties give up something for a mutual agreement 2. Truce - conflict halted until compromise is made 3. Mediation - 3 rd party acts as an advisor so an agreement can be reached 4. Arbitration - 3 rd party provides binding decision.

Chapter 4, Section 3 Types of Societies Most common way to classify societies is their SUBSISTENCE STRATEGIES The way in which a society uses its technology to provide for the needs of its members Simple System -Division of labor (specialization by individuals or groups) -(in performance of economic tasks) is mainly involved in meeting the basic needs (particularly food) of their society -as subsistence strategies become more efficient (more technology), it takes fewer people to provide for basic needs therefore the division of labor becomes more complex because there is more time to pursue new occupations.

Chapter 4, Section 3 Pre-Industrial Society - food production (human and animal labor) - main economic function subdivided into: Hunting and Gathering - (Pre-Industrial) - main form of subsistence is the daily collection of plants and animals - mobile to search for food - no permanent villages - limited number of members 40 -100 - most decisions made by general agreement - family main social unit

Chapter 4, Section 3 Pastoral Societies - Pre-Industrial -rely on domestic herd animals therefore increased food supply enables pastoral societies to support more people -food surplus gives rise to economic and political institutions creating inequalities in wealth and providing goods to be traded -transmission of wealth and power from one generation to another forms typical form of government = Hereditary Chieftainship

Chapter 4, Section 3 Horticultural Societies - Pre-Industrial -vegetables main food source -slash/burn technology -food surplus = some don’t have to produce food therefore new roles emerge (ex. traders, shamans (religious leaders) craftsmen) -have relatively permanent villages

Chapter 4, Section 3 Agricultural Societies - Pre-Industrial -animals and plows used in tilling of fields -higher crop yields more population -also fewer needed in crop production therefore people began new roles, power concentrated in the hands of a few. -power transferred from one generation to next -engage in warfare -trade (barter) important in society -status differences arise - landowners, peasants

Chapter 4, Section 3 Industrial Societies -shift from production of food to production of manufactured goods -bulk of production carried out through use of machinery -Industrialization leads to urbanization -education done outside home -need for mass literacy -religion loses ground as only source of morality due to use of values and beliefs stemming from science, education, government. -individual has more control over their position in the social structure - not just inherited

Chapter 4, Section 3 Post-Industrial Society -much of economy is involved in the production of information and provision of services -result of transition from Industrial to Post Industrial -standard of living higher -wages higher -science/tech improved quality of life -more career advancement

Chapter 4, Section 3 Why Societies Hold Together (contrasting societies) Pre-Industrial Societies held together by Mechanical Solidarity -close knit relationships that result when a small group of people share same values and perform same tasks. -As society becomes more complex: society is held together by: Organic Solidarity -impersonal social relationships that arise with increased job specialization -individuals can no longer take care of their needs – therefore all become dependent on others for aspects of their survival

Chapter 4, Section 3 Final Way to Contrast a Society -based on the structure of social relationships and the degree of shared values among members -Gemeinschaft - community -society where most members know each other -activity centers on the family and community -strong sense of group solidarity

Chapter 4, Section 3 Gesellschaft - society -where most social relationships found or are based on need rather than emotion -impersonal and temporary relationships -traditional values weak -individual goals more important than group goals

Chapter 4, Section 4 Characteristics of Groups 1. Set of 2 or more people 2. Interaction 3. Must have shared expectations 4. Possess some degree of common identity Groups can be LARGE/SMALL, FORMAL/INFORMAL Types of Group Structures Aggregate - people gather without organization or pattern of interaction ex. Waiting in line to get a ticket - movie, plane, concert Social Category - groups of people who do NOT interact at all yet are CLASSIFIED together due to a SHARED TRAIT or COMMON STATUS ex. Students, women, elderly, ethnic groups

Chapter 4, Section 4 Groups differentiate on the basis of : 1. Time - how often the group meets ex. Family-Off/On; different times but for the most of your life *regardless of group contact is NOT continuous 2. Organization Structure - formal/informal Formal group - structure, goals, activities of group clearly defined Informal group - no official structure or established rule conduct 3. Size - varies greatly Dyad = smallest group with 2 people; each member has direct control over the groups existence because if one leaves the group CEASES to EXIST Triad = 3 person group is independent because NO ONE individual can break the group therefore decision making is usually easier; sm grp = up to

Chapter 4, Section 4 Types of Groups Ways to classify: Degree of intimacy between members Continuum between Primary/Secondary group relationships Family Friends Primary School Clubs Classroom Job Secondary Primary Group = small group who interact over a relatively long period of time on both direct and personal basis Ex. communication is deep and intense, structure informal, personal satisfaction of primary importance; *family - usually most PRIMARY Secondary Group = interaction is impersonal and temporary in nature Ex. involves reaction to part of person’s personality; person’s importance in group involves their function in that group; person who drops from group – replaceable; *important because a secondary group usually organized around a goal; * within a secondary group may development primary

Chapter 4, Section 4 Reference Group - any group with whom individuals identify and whose attitudes and values they adopt ex. Friendship groups, school clubs, occupation *can either have a positive or negative effect on behavior All groups have boundaries or methods of telling who are members and who is not In Group - group that a person belongs to and identifies with characteristics 1. Group members tend to separate themselves from other groups through use of symbols (name, clothes, etc) 2. Members view themselves in terms of positive images (outgroups viewed negative) 3. Ingroups generally compete with outgroups (possible conflict) Out group - any group that the person does not belong to or identify with

Chapter 4, Section 4 Social Network Characteristics Direct relationships - interact with primary and secondary groups Indirect relationships - people we know or who know us but have little interaction (friend of friend) No clear boundaries No Common sense of identity *they DO give us a sense of community and provide us with careers and social advancement We all belong to more than one group and interact with more than one set of people therefore the web of relationships that is formed by the whole of our interactions with others is called SOCIAL NETWORK

Chapter 4, Section 4 Group Functions Leader - people who influence the attitudes and opinions of others Instrumental Leaders - task oriented Expressive Leaders - emotion oriented

Chapter 4, Section 5 Structure of Formal Organizations Large complex secondary group that has been established to achieve specific goals Formal Organization - school, business, government Structure - bureaucracy = ranked authority structure guided by specific rules Max Weber’s Model of Bureaucracy 1. Division of Labor 2. Ranking Authority 3. Employment based on formal qualifications 4. Rules and Regulations 5. Specific lines of promotion - advancement

Chapter 4, Section 5 Advantages 1. Get things done with speed and efficiency 2. Large amount of production output 3. Create order by defining job tasks 4. Stable because people come and go but the organization remains the same Disadvantages 1. Individual goals within the organization get lost 2. People - job becomes a ritual and creativity is lost 3. Rules take the place of common sense 4. Employees are often promoted to higher jobs than they are qualified to do 5. Red tape 6. Real power tends to end up in the hands of only a few (oligarchies) This tendency is called IRON LAW OF OLIGARCHY (Sociologist Robert Michels)

Chapter 4, Section 5 PARKINSON’S LAW Work expands to fill the time available for its completion If person in this system is overworked he will want to have subordinates to work under him. Instead of lessening the work load, it increases because he now must approve all they do.