Community Health Nursing Theoretical basis of Community Health
![Community Health Nursing Theoretical basis of Community Health Nursing Chapter 14 Community Health Nursing Theoretical basis of Community Health Nursing Chapter 14](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h/2ab3557cdaf810669293cf0e29370ab1/image-1.jpg)
Community Health Nursing Theoretical basis of Community Health Nursing Chapter 14
![WHEN THE CLIENT IS A COMMUNITY: characteristics of community health practice • Community health WHEN THE CLIENT IS A COMMUNITY: characteristics of community health practice • Community health](http://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h/2ab3557cdaf810669293cf0e29370ab1/image-2.jpg)
WHEN THE CLIENT IS A COMMUNITY: characteristics of community health practice • Community health nursing is a specialty in which the unit of care is a specific community or aggregate and the nurse has responsibility to promote group health • The goal of this specialty is health improvement of the community.
![WHEN THE CLIENT IS A COMMUNITY: characteristics of community health practice • The skills WHEN THE CLIENT IS A COMMUNITY: characteristics of community health practice • The skills](http://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h/2ab3557cdaf810669293cf0e29370ab1/image-3.jpg)
WHEN THE CLIENT IS A COMMUNITY: characteristics of community health practice • The skills required for excellence in community health nursing practice include • epidemiology, research, teaching, community organizing, and interpersonal relational care,
![WHEN THE CLIENT IS A COMMUNITY: characteristics of community health practice • community health WHEN THE CLIENT IS A COMMUNITY: characteristics of community health practice • community health](http://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h/2ab3557cdaf810669293cf0e29370ab1/image-4.jpg)
WHEN THE CLIENT IS A COMMUNITY: characteristics of community health practice • community health nursing is characterized • by community-oriented, population-focused care and is based on interpersonal relationships.
![Community-Oriented, Population. Focused Care • A community is a group of people who have Community-Oriented, Population. Focused Care • A community is a group of people who have](http://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h/2ab3557cdaf810669293cf0e29370ab1/image-5.jpg)
Community-Oriented, Population. Focused Care • A community is a group of people who have some characteristics in common, • are bounded by time, interact with one another, and feel a connection to one another. • They share similar experiences and concerns, and they often influence one another’s behavior.
![Community-orientation, population-focused care • Is a process that is actively shaped by the unique Community-orientation, population-focused care • Is a process that is actively shaped by the unique](http://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h/2ab3557cdaf810669293cf0e29370ab1/image-6.jpg)
Community-orientation, population-focused care • Is a process that is actively shaped by the unique experiences knowledge, concerns, values, beliefs, and culture of a given community.
![Community-orientation, population-focused care • when the outbreak of a such disease, the nurse also Community-orientation, population-focused care • when the outbreak of a such disease, the nurse also](http://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h/2ab3557cdaf810669293cf0e29370ab1/image-7.jpg)
Community-orientation, population-focused care • when the outbreak of a such disease, the nurse also • 1 - Uses disease-investigation skills to locate possible sources of infection • 2 - Determines how the community’s knowledge, values, beliefs, influence its interpretation of the disease, response to and prior experiences with infectious disease may outbreak, and treatment preferences
![Community-orientation, population-focused care • 3 - Uses knowledge and suggestions gathered from the community Community-orientation, population-focused care • 3 - Uses knowledge and suggestions gathered from the community](http://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h/2ab3557cdaf810669293cf0e29370ab1/image-8.jpg)
Community-orientation, population-focused care • 3 - Uses knowledge and suggestions gathered from the community to develop, in collaboration with other health professionals community-specific program to prevent future outbreaks
![Community-orientation, population-focused care • A community-oriented nurse who provides nutritional counseling to a community Community-orientation, population-focused care • A community-oriented nurse who provides nutritional counseling to a community](http://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h/2ab3557cdaf810669293cf0e29370ab1/image-9.jpg)
Community-orientation, population-focused care • A community-oriented nurse who provides nutritional counseling to a community considers the meaning of food in this culture, the types of food most commonly consumed, and the cooking methods most commonly used.
![Community-orientation, population-focused care • A population • is any group of people who share Community-orientation, population-focused care • A population • is any group of people who share](http://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h/2ab3557cdaf810669293cf0e29370ab1/image-10.jpg)
Community-orientation, population-focused care • A population • is any group of people who share at least one characteristic, such as age, gender, race, a particular risk factor, or disease. • Smokers and breast cancer survivors are two populations.
![Relationship-based care • Incorporates, the value of establishing and maintaining a reciprocal, caring relationship Relationship-based care • Incorporates, the value of establishing and maintaining a reciprocal, caring relationship](http://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h/2ab3557cdaf810669293cf0e29370ab1/image-11.jpg)
Relationship-based care • Incorporates, the value of establishing and maintaining a reciprocal, caring relationship with the community health nursing practice and is foundational to caring effectively for the community’s health.
![Relationship-based care • A reciprocal, caring relationship with the community involves listening, participatory dialogue, Relationship-based care • A reciprocal, caring relationship with the community involves listening, participatory dialogue,](http://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h/2ab3557cdaf810669293cf0e29370ab1/image-12.jpg)
Relationship-based care • A reciprocal, caring relationship with the community involves listening, participatory dialogue, and critical reflection, and it may also involve sociopolitical elements of practice such as advocacy, community empowerment, and movement to action
![Theories and Models for CHN Practice • Theory: set of systematically interrelated concepts or Theories and Models for CHN Practice • Theory: set of systematically interrelated concepts or](http://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h/2ab3557cdaf810669293cf0e29370ab1/image-13.jpg)
Theories and Models for CHN Practice • Theory: set of systematically interrelated concepts or hypotheses; explain or predict phenomena • Early theories: grand theories or conceptual models • Key to nursing theories: nursing metaparadigm concepts – Nursing – Client/patient – Health – Environment • Model: pictorial representation
![Nightingale’s Theory of Environment • Focus on preventive care for populations • Use of Nightingale’s Theory of Environment • Focus on preventive care for populations • Use of](http://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h/2ab3557cdaf810669293cf0e29370ab1/image-14.jpg)
Nightingale’s Theory of Environment • Focus on preventive care for populations • Use of observations to validate her hypothesis – Poor environmental conditions are bad for health. – Good environmental conditions reduce disease. • Others have added social services and health care in addition to environment as conditions for health.
![Orem’s Self-Care Model • Communities with collective set of self-care actions and requirements affecting Orem’s Self-Care Model • Communities with collective set of self-care actions and requirements affecting](http://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h/2ab3557cdaf810669293cf0e29370ab1/image-15.jpg)
Orem’s Self-Care Model • Communities with collective set of self-care actions and requirements affecting well-being of the group • Self-care deficit: demand exceeds client abilities related to: – Universal requirements – Developmental requirements – Health deviation requirements • Nursing care supports client • Specific theories: self-care deficit theory; theory of selfcare; theory of nursing system
![Neuman's Health Care Systems Model • Open systems constantly and reciprocally interacting with environment Neuman's Health Care Systems Model • Open systems constantly and reciprocally interacting with environment](http://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h/2ab3557cdaf810669293cf0e29370ab1/image-16.jpg)
Neuman's Health Care Systems Model • Open systems constantly and reciprocally interacting with environment • System > sum of parts • Wellness = parts interacting in harmony with each other and the system’s environment • Variables: physiologic, psychological, sociocultural, developmental • Each system with unique response to stressors and tension-producing stimuli • System response (see Fig. 14. 1) with boundaries: flexible line of resistance; normal line of defense; dynamic flexible line of defense
![Rogers’ Model of the Science of Unitary Man • • • Based on systems Rogers’ Model of the Science of Unitary Man • • • Based on systems](http://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h/2ab3557cdaf810669293cf0e29370ab1/image-17.jpg)
Rogers’ Model of the Science of Unitary Man • • • Based on systems theory Whole is greater than the sum of the parts Three principles: 1. Life proceeds in one direction along a rhythmic spiral. 2. Energy fields follow a certain wave pattern and organization. 3. Human and environmental energy fields interact simultaneously and mutually, leading to completeness and unity.
![King’s Theory of Goal Attainment • Personal and interpersonal systems • In any nurse-client King’s Theory of Goal Attainment • Personal and interpersonal systems • In any nurse-client](http://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h/2ab3557cdaf810669293cf0e29370ab1/image-18.jpg)
King’s Theory of Goal Attainment • Personal and interpersonal systems • In any nurse-client encounter, each comes with own goals and expectations • Success at goal achievement is possible only when nurse and client work together to set goals
![Pender’s Health Promotion Model • Proactive set of behaviors to increase level of well-being Pender’s Health Promotion Model • Proactive set of behaviors to increase level of well-being](http://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h/2ab3557cdaf810669293cf0e29370ab1/image-19.jpg)
Pender’s Health Promotion Model • Proactive set of behaviors to increase level of well-being and self-actualization • Individuals acting on environment; not reacting to stressors from environment • Modifying factors – Demographic factors – Biologic characteristics – Interpersonal influences – Situational factors – Behavioral factors
![Roy’s Adaptation Model • Open adaptive systems, experiencing stimuli, developing coping mechanisms, and producing Roy’s Adaptation Model • Open adaptive systems, experiencing stimuli, developing coping mechanisms, and producing](http://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h/2ab3557cdaf810669293cf0e29370ab1/image-20.jpg)
Roy’s Adaptation Model • Open adaptive systems, experiencing stimuli, developing coping mechanisms, and producing responses • Adaptive or maladaptive responses; provide feedback influencing amount & type of stimuli that can be handled in future • Regulator process: stimuli from internal and external environment processed for a response • Cognator process: perceptions, learning, judgment, and emotion considered in formulating response
![Salmon Construct for PHN • Categories of nursing interventions – Education directed toward voluntary Salmon Construct for PHN • Categories of nursing interventions – Education directed toward voluntary](http://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h/2ab3557cdaf810669293cf0e29370ab1/image-21.jpg)
Salmon Construct for PHN • Categories of nursing interventions – Education directed toward voluntary change in the attitudes and behavior of the subjects – Engineering directed at managing risk-related variables – Enforcement directed at mandatory regulation to achieve better health • Interventions target determinants in four categories: – Human/biologic, environmental, medical/technologic/organizational, and social
![Minnesota Wheel – the Public Health Interventions Model • 17 different interventions • Three Minnesota Wheel – the Public Health Interventions Model • 17 different interventions • Three](http://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h/2ab3557cdaf810669293cf0e29370ab1/image-22.jpg)
Minnesota Wheel – the Public Health Interventions Model • 17 different interventions • Three levels of public health practice: – Population-based community-focused practice – Systems-focused practice – Individual-focused practice (see Fig. 14. 2)
![Principles of Public Health Nursing Principle 1: focus on community the client or unit Principles of Public Health Nursing Principle 1: focus on community the client or unit](http://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h/2ab3557cdaf810669293cf0e29370ab1/image-23.jpg)
Principles of Public Health Nursing Principle 1: focus on community the client or unit of care is the population Principle 2: give priority to community needs the primary obligation is to achieve the greatest good for the greatest number of people or the population as a whole
![Principles of Public Health Nursing Principle 3: Work in Partnership With the People the Principles of Public Health Nursing Principle 3: Work in Partnership With the People the](http://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h/2ab3557cdaf810669293cf0e29370ab1/image-24.jpg)
Principles of Public Health Nursing Principle 3: Work in Partnership With the People the processes used by public health nurses include working with the client as equal partner. Principle 4: Focus on Primary Prevention primary prevention is the priority in selecting appropriate activities.
![Principles of Public Health Nursing Principle 5: Promote a Healthful Environment public health nursing Principles of Public Health Nursing Principle 5: Promote a Healthful Environment public health nursing](http://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h/2ab3557cdaf810669293cf0e29370ab1/image-25.jpg)
Principles of Public Health Nursing Principle 5: Promote a Healthful Environment public health nursing focuses on strategies that create healthy environmental, social, and economic conditions in which population may thrive.
![Principles of Public Health Nursing Principle 6: Target All Who Might Benefit a public Principles of Public Health Nursing Principle 6: Target All Who Might Benefit a public](http://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h/2ab3557cdaf810669293cf0e29370ab1/image-26.jpg)
Principles of Public Health Nursing Principle 6: Target All Who Might Benefit a public heath nurse is obligated to actively identify and reach out to all who might benefit from a specific activity or service
![Principles of Public Health Nursing Principle 7: Promote Optimum Allocation of resources optimal use Principles of Public Health Nursing Principle 7: Promote Optimum Allocation of resources optimal use](http://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h/2ab3557cdaf810669293cf0e29370ab1/image-27.jpg)
Principles of Public Health Nursing Principle 7: Promote Optimum Allocation of resources optimal use of available resources to assure the best overall improvement in the health of the population is a key element of the practice
![Principles of Public Health Nursing Principle 8: Collaborate with Others in the Community collaboration Principles of Public Health Nursing Principle 8: Collaborate with Others in the Community collaboration](http://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h/2ab3557cdaf810669293cf0e29370ab1/image-28.jpg)
Principles of Public Health Nursing Principle 8: Collaborate with Others in the Community collaboration with a variety of other professions, populations, organizations, and other stakeholder groups is the most effective way to promote and protect the health of the people
![SOCIETAL INFLUENCES ON COMMUNITYORIENTED POPULATION-FOCUSED NURSING Social changes influence a community’s health. Community communicable SOCIETAL INFLUENCES ON COMMUNITYORIENTED POPULATION-FOCUSED NURSING Social changes influence a community’s health. Community communicable](http://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h/2ab3557cdaf810669293cf0e29370ab1/image-29.jpg)
SOCIETAL INFLUENCES ON COMMUNITYORIENTED POPULATION-FOCUSED NURSING Social changes influence a community’s health. Community communicable disease. affect the availability of resources Contemporary community health nurses must be especially aware of the mutual interaction between nursing and technology
![SOCIETAL INFLUENCES ON COMMUNITYORIENTED POPULATION-FOCUSED NURSING • Communication Technology • Genetic Engineering can be SOCIETAL INFLUENCES ON COMMUNITYORIENTED POPULATION-FOCUSED NURSING • Communication Technology • Genetic Engineering can be](http://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h/2ab3557cdaf810669293cf0e29370ab1/image-30.jpg)
SOCIETAL INFLUENCES ON COMMUNITYORIENTED POPULATION-FOCUSED NURSING • Communication Technology • Genetic Engineering can be defined as gene manipulation in a laboratory setting • Global Economy • Migration is the act of moving from one region or country to another, either temporarily, seasonally, or permanently.
![SOCIETAL INFLUENCES ON COMMUNITYORIENTED POPULATION-FOCUSED NURSING Terrorism is one way in which a small SOCIETAL INFLUENCES ON COMMUNITYORIENTED POPULATION-FOCUSED NURSING Terrorism is one way in which a small](http://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h/2ab3557cdaf810669293cf0e29370ab1/image-31.jpg)
SOCIETAL INFLUENCES ON COMMUNITYORIENTED POPULATION-FOCUSED NURSING Terrorism is one way in which a small number of people who perceive that they have been unfairly treated can exert influence on a larger group or nation. Bioterrorism is the use of living organisms, such as bacteria, viruses, or other organic materials, to harm or intimidate others, in order to achieve political ends.
![SOCIETAL INFLUENCES ON COMMUNITYORIENTED POPULATION-FOCUSED NURSING Climate changes can be considered societal changes because SOCIETAL INFLUENCES ON COMMUNITYORIENTED POPULATION-FOCUSED NURSING Climate changes can be considered societal changes because](http://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h/2ab3557cdaf810669293cf0e29370ab1/image-32.jpg)
SOCIETAL INFLUENCES ON COMMUNITYORIENTED POPULATION-FOCUSED NURSING Climate changes can be considered societal changes because they may be influenced by economics
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