Chapter 36 New Conflagrations World War II and

Chapter 36 New Conflagrations: World War II and the Cold War Copyright © 2015 Mc. Graw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of Mc. Graw-Hill Education. 1

World War II n n n Allies vs. Axis powers Italy, Germany and Japan formed Axis “Revisionists”: wished to revise post–World War I peace treaties Allies initially followed policy of appeasement War erupted 1939 q Global by 1941; over in 1945 Copyright © 2015 Mc. Graw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of Mc. Graw-Hill Education. 2

Japan’s War in China n n n Conquest of Chinese Manchuria 1931– 1932 Full-scale invasion in 1937 The Rape of Nanjing q q n Ariel bombing of urban center 400, 000 Chinese used for bayonet practice, massacred 7, 000 women raped Third of all homes destroyed Japan signed Tripartite Pact with Germany, Italy (1940); neutrality pact with Soviet Union (1941) Copyright © 2015 Mc. Graw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of Mc. Graw-Hill Education. 3

Chinese Resistance n n n Japanese aggression spurred “united front” policy between Chinese Communists and Nationalists Guerilla warfare tied down half of the Japanese army Yet continued clashes between Communists and Nationalists q Communists gained popular support, upper hand by end of the war Copyright © 2015 Mc. Graw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of Mc. Graw-Hill Education. 4

Italian Aggression n Benito Mussolini invaded Ethiopia with overpowering force q n 2, 000 Italian troops killed, 275, 000 Ethiopians killed Also took Libya, Albania Copyright © 2015 Mc. Graw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of Mc. Graw-Hill Education. 5

German Aggression n n Adolf Hitler (1889– 1945) withdrew from League of Nations Remilitarized Germany Anschluss (“Union”) with Austria, 1938 Pressure on Sudetenland (Czechoslovakia) Copyright © 2015 Mc. Graw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of Mc. Graw-Hill Education. 6

Peace for Our time n n n Munich Conference, 1938: Italy, France, Great Britain, Germany Allies followed policy of appeasement Hitler promised to halt expansionist efforts British Prime Minister Neville Chamberlain (1869 – 1940) promised “peace for our time” Hitler signed secret Russian-German Treaty of Nonaggression (August 1939) Copyright © 2015 Mc. Graw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of Mc. Graw-Hill Education. 7

Blitzkrieg: Germany Conquers Europe n n Invasion of Poland, September 1, 1939 Blitzkrieg: “lightning war” strategy q n Air forces softened up target; armored divisions rushed in German U-boats (submarines) patrolled Atlantic, threatened British shipping Copyright © 2015 Mc. Graw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of Mc. Graw-Hill Education. 8

The Fall of France n n 1940: Germany occupied Denmark, Norway, Belgium, France Hitler forced French to sign armistice agreement in same railroad car used for armistice imposed on Germany in 1918 Copyright © 2015 Mc. Graw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of Mc. Graw-Hill Education. 9

The Battle of Britain n Air war conducted by the German Luftwaffe “The Blitz” 40, 000 British civilians killed in urban bombing raids q n Especially London Royal Air Force prevented Germans from invading Copyright © 2015 Mc. Graw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of Mc. Graw-Hill Education. 10

Operation Barbarossa n n Lebensraum (“living space”) June 22, 1941, Hitler double-crossed Stalin and invaded Soviet Union q n n n Stalin caught off-guard; rapid advance But severe winter, long supply lines weakened German efforts Soviets regrouped and attacked in spring 1942 Turning point: battle of Stalingrad (ended February 1943) Copyright © 2015 Mc. Graw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of Mc. Graw-Hill Education. 11

High Tide of Axis Expansion in Europe and North Africa, 1942– 1943 Copyright © 2015 Mc. Graw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of Mc. Graw-Hill Education. 12

Before Pearl Harbor n n n U. S. initiated “cash and carry” policy to supply Allies with arms “Lend-lease” program: U. S. lent war goods to Allies, leased naval bases in return U. S. froze Japanese assets in U. S. placed embargo on oil shipments to Japanese Defense Minister Tojo Hideki (1884– 1948) planned for war with U. S. Copyright © 2015 Mc. Graw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of Mc. Graw-Hill Education. 13

Pearl Harbor (December 7, 1941) n n FDR: “a date which will live in infamy” Destroyed U. S. Navy in the Pacific Hitler, Mussolini declared war on the U. S. on December 11 U. S. joined Great Britain and the Soviet Union Copyright © 2015 Mc. Graw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of Mc. Graw-Hill Education. 14

Japanese Victories n n Japan dominated southeast Asia, Pacific islands Established “Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere” Copyright © 2015 Mc. Graw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of Mc. Graw-Hill Education. 15

World War II in Asia and the Pacific Copyright © 2015 Mc. Graw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of Mc. Graw-Hill Education. 16

Defeat of the Axis Powers n n Key factors: personnel reserves, industrial capacity U. S. joining the war turned the tide q Shipbuilding, automotive production especially important Copyright © 2015 Mc. Graw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of Mc. Graw-Hill Education. 17

Allied Victory in Europe n n Red Army (Soviet Union) gained offensive after Stalingrad (February 1943) British, U. S. forces attacked in north Africa, Italy D-Day: June 6, 1944, British and U. S. forces landed in France U. S. , Britain bombed German cities q n February 1945: 135, 000 Germans killed in Dresden shelters 30 April 1945, Hitler committed suicide; 8 May, Germany surrendered Copyright © 2015 Mc. Graw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of Mc. Graw-Hill Education. 18

Turning the Tide in the Pacific n U. S. code-breaking operation Magic discovered Japanese plans q n n Battle of Midway (June 4, 1942) U. S. took the offensive, engaged in islandhopping strategy Iwo Jima and Okinawa q q Japanese kamikaze suicide bombers Savage two-month battle for Okinawa Copyright © 2015 Mc. Graw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of Mc. Graw-Hill Education. 19

Japanese Surrender n U. S. firebombing of Tokyo, March 1945 q q n n 100, 000 killed One-quarter of buildings destroyed Atomic bombs dropped on Hiroshima and Nagasaki, August 1945 Emperor Hirohito (1901– 1989) surrendered unconditionally September 2, 1945 Copyright © 2015 Mc. Graw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of Mc. Graw-Hill Education. 20

Varieties of Wartime Occupation n Independent states with enforced alliances q n Puppet states q n n Manchukuo, Vichy France Military administration q n Thailand, Denmark Indochina, Poland Economic exploitation Atrocities committed Copyright © 2015 Mc. Graw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of Mc. Graw-Hill Education. 21

Collaboration n n For some, opportunity for social mobility under conquerors Sometimes considered a lesser evil than military administration Copyright © 2015 Mc. Graw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of Mc. Graw-Hill Education. 22

Resistance n n Military forms of resistance Intelligence gathering Protecting refugees Symbolic gestures Copyright © 2015 Mc. Graw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of Mc. Graw-Hill Education. 23

The Holocaust n Jews primary target of Nazi genocidal efforts q n Nazis initially encouraged Jewish emigration q n Other groups also slated for destruction, including Slavs and Roma (Gypsies) Few countries willing to accept Jewish refugees Aborted plans to deport Jews to Madagascar, reservation in Poland Copyright © 2015 Mc. Graw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of Mc. Graw-Hill Education. 24

The Final Solution n n Einsatzgruppen (mobile killing squads) followed German army into Soviet Union with Operation Barbarossa Round up of Jews and others; mass shootings and mass graves Later in 1941 decided on “final solution”: deportation of all European Jews to death camps Plans solidified at Wannsee Conference, January 1942 Copyright © 2015 Mc. Graw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of Mc. Graw-Hill Education. 25

Death Camps n n n Jews deported from ghettos all over Europe in cattle cars, spring 1942 Destination: six specially-designed death camps in eastern Europe Technologically advanced, assembly-line style of murder through poison gas (Zyklon B) Corpses destroyed in crematoria Estimated number of Jews killed: 5. 7 million Copyright © 2015 Mc. Graw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of Mc. Graw-Hill Education. 26

The Holocaust in Europe, 1933– 1945 Copyright © 2015 Mc. Graw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of Mc. Graw-Hill Education. 27

Jewish Resistance n n German policy of collective punishment, generations of life as a minority hampered Jewish resistance efforts Yet ghetto uprisings, armed conflict nevertheless q n Warsaw ghetto uprising, spring 1943 Jews in partisan guerilla units Copyright © 2015 Mc. Graw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of Mc. Graw-Hill Education. 28

Women and the War n n WAVES (Women Appointed for Volunteer Emergency Service) U. S. , Great Britain barred women from serving in combat units Soviet, Chinese forces included women fighters Women very active in resistance movements Copyright © 2015 Mc. Graw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of Mc. Graw-Hill Education. 29

Women’s Roles n n n Women occupied jobs of men away at war Also took on “head of household” duties Temporary: men returning from war displaced women q Yet lasting impact on women’s movement Copyright © 2015 Mc. Graw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of Mc. Graw-Hill Education. 30

Comfort Women n Asian women forced into prostitution by Japanese forces 20– 30 men per day, in war zones “Comfort houses, ” “consolation centers” q n Killed when infected with venereal disease Large-scale massacres at end of war to hide crimes q Social ostracism for survivors Copyright © 2015 Mc. Graw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of Mc. Graw-Hill Education. 31

Origins of the Cold War n Creation of United Nations, October 1945 q n n Five permanent Security Council members: U. S. , Great Britain, France, Soviet Union, China Differences over future of Poland, eastern Europe Soviets helped bring communist governments to power, 1946– 1947 q q Romania, Bulgaria, Hungary, Poland Albania and Yugoslavia already communist-controlled Copyright © 2015 Mc. Graw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of Mc. Graw-Hill Education. 32

Truman Doctrine (1947) n n n World divided into free and enslaved states U. S. to support all movements for democracy; committed to interventionist foreign policy “Containment” of communism Copyright © 2015 Mc. Graw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of Mc. Graw-Hill Education. 33

Marshall Plan n Named for George C. Marshall (1880– 1959), U. S. secretary of state Proposed in 1947: $13 billion to reconstruct western Europe Soviet Union established Council for Mutual Economic Assistance (COMECON), 1949 Copyright © 2015 Mc. Graw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of Mc. Graw-Hill Education. 34

Military Alliances n North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO), 1949 q n Collective security Warsaw Pact, 1955 q Countermeasure consisting of seven communist European nations Copyright © 2015 Mc. Graw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of Mc. Graw-Hill Education. 35

A Divided Germany n Division of postwar Germany, especially Berlin q q Western powers merged occupation zones Soviet blockade of Berlin Copyright © 2015 Mc. Graw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of Mc. Graw-Hill Education. 36

Occupied Germany, 1945– 1949 Copyright © 2015 Mc. Graw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of Mc. Graw-Hill Education. 37

Blockade and Airlift n n n Eleven months of air shipments to Berlin, beginning June 1948 Cold war did not go “hot” Soviets lifted blockade in summer 1949 East Berlin capital of “German Democratic Republic” Bonn capital of “Federal Republic of Germany” Copyright © 2015 Mc. Graw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of Mc. Graw-Hill Education. 38

The Berlin Wall n 1949– 1961: nearly 3. 5 million East Germans fled to West q n n Especially younger, highly-skilled workers August 1961, construction of wall separating East and West Physical division reflection of separate ideologies, culture of Soviet Union and U. S. q q Similarities in internal censorship policies Profound influences on culture, politics Copyright © 2015 Mc. Graw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of Mc. Graw-Hill Education. 39

The People’s Republic of China n n Civil war between communists and nationalists erupted after defeat of Japan Jiang Jieshi (Chiang Kai-shek) forced to retreat to island of Taiwan with nationalist forces q n Took most of China’s gold reserves Mao Zedong proclaimed People’s Republic of China, 1949 q Began dramatic transformation of Chinese society into communist mold Copyright © 2015 Mc. Graw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of Mc. Graw-Hill Education. 40

Fraternal Cooperation n Beijing and Moscow both felt threatened by U. S. Mutual concern over U. S. rehabilitation of Japan Beijing recognized primacy of Moscow as communist leader q Received military, economic aid in return Copyright © 2015 Mc. Graw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of Mc. Graw-Hill Education. 41

Confrontations in Korea n n Korea divided along 38 th parallel after WWII 1948, two Koreas: q q Republic of Korea (South, capital Seoul) People’s Democratic Republic of Korea (North, capital Pyongyang) Copyright © 2015 Mc. Graw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of Mc. Graw-Hill Education. 42

Korean War n n n North Korea invaded, captured Seoul in 1950 U. S. landed, drove North Koreans back to 38 th parallel, then went on to capture Pyongyang Chinese invaded, pushed U. S. back to 38 th Three million killed until ceasefire reached in summer 1953 No peace treaty signed; continued tensions Copyright © 2015 Mc. Graw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of Mc. Graw-Hill Education. 43

Containment n n Southeast Asian Treaty Organization (SEATO), Asian version of NATO “Domino theory” moved President Eisenhower (1890– 1969) to consider nuclear weapon use in Korea Copyright © 2015 Mc. Graw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of Mc. Graw-Hill Education. 44

Cracks in the Soviet-Chinese Alliance n n n Chinese believed Soviet aid programs too modest, too many strings attached Competing for influence in Africa, Asia Successful nuclear testing in 1964 elevated Chinese prestige Copyright © 2015 Mc. Graw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of Mc. Graw-Hill Education. 45

Cuba: Nuclear Flashpoint n n n Fidel Castro Ruz (1926–), 1959 revolution Accepted massive Soviet aid Supported USSR’s foreign policy Copyright © 2015 Mc. Graw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of Mc. Graw-Hill Education. 46

Bay of Pigs Invasion n n Castro declared undying allegiance to Soviet foreign policy, 1960 Kennedy and CIA sent 1, 500 Cubans into Bay of Pigs to spur revolution American air support did not appear; force destroyed in 3 days U. S. embarrassment Copyright © 2015 Mc. Graw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of Mc. Graw-Hill Education. 47

Cuban Missile Crisis n n October 1962, Soviets began assembling missiles in Cuba Kennedy publicly challenged Soviet Union q n Quarantine of Cuba Soviets conceded, but U. S. guaranteed noninterference with Castro regime Copyright © 2015 Mc. Graw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of Mc. Graw-Hill Education. 48

De-Stalinization and Soviet Intervention n n Political thaw in governmental control under Nikita Khrushchev (1894– 1971) Emboldened experimentation by other communist leaders q q n Hungarian uprising; crushed by Soviets 1956 “Prague Spring” Brezhnev doctrine (doctrine of limited sovereignty) Copyright © 2015 Mc. Graw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of Mc. Graw-Hill Education. 49

Détente n n n Reduction in hostility between nuclear superpowers Strategic Arms Limitations Talks (SALT) State visit by President Nixon (1913– 1994) to China Copyright © 2015 Mc. Graw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of Mc. Graw-Hill Education. 50