Chapter 27 Empire and Expansion 1890 1909 I

Chapter 27 Empire and Expansion, 1890– 1909

I. America Turns Outward • National ambition for overseas expansion – Expanded resources and markets – Big Sister policy • Latin America nations behind Uncle Sam’s leadership • Great Rapprochement – Multiple crises with Great Britain avoided – Two nations reconcile

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II. Spurning the Hawaiian Pear • Hawaii was an early attraction for Americans – Location, religion, sugar • Mc. Kinley Tariff – Taxed Hawaiian sugar – Planters organized a successful revolt early 1893 – U. S. would not annex until 1898

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III. Cubans Rise in Revolt • Cuba rose against their Spanish oppressor(1895) – The roots of the revolt were partly economic – Spanish general “Butcher” Weyler took charge • Maine to Cuba for a “friendly visit” (1898) – Maine mysteriously blew up in Havana harbor • Mc. Kinley sent his war message to Congress – Congress adopted the Teller Amendment • U. S. would fight for Cuba’s freedom

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IV. Dewey’s May Day Victory at Manila (Spanish-American-Filipino War) • U. S. plunged into war (May, 1898) • Commodore Dewey attacked Spain’s Philippines – Assisted by Emilio Aguinaldo • Pacific war increased a desire for Hawaii – Hawaii received full territorial status in 1900 • Spain surrenders The Philippines (Aug. , 1898)

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V. The Confused Invasion of Cuba (Spanish-American-Cuban War) • The Rough Riders – Regiments of volunteers • Organized principally by Theodore Roosevelt • Commanded by Colonel Leonard Wood • Spain on signed an armistice (August, 1898) – U. S. deaths: ~5, 000 died of disease, 400 by combat

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VI. America’s Course (Curse? ) of Empire • Paris Treaty(1898) ends Spanish-American War – Cuba gains independence (from Spanish overlords) – U. S. gains Guam, Puerto Rico, Philippines • U. S. paid $20 million for Mania • The Anti-Imperialist League – Don’t annex Philippines – Don’t make Philippines a colony

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VII. Perplexities in Puerto Rico and Cuba • The Insular Cases – Puerto Ricans/Filipinos) subject to American rule • But they did not enjoy all American rights • The anomalous Puerto Rico – The Foraker Act (1900) • Congress granted U. S. citizenship in 1917 • Cubans forced to accept Platt Amendment(1901) • U. S. intervention when U. S. saw necessary

VIII. New Horizons in Two Hemispheres • Spanish-American War – a “splendid little war” – Short (113 days) and successful • U. S. became a full-fledged Asian power

IX. “Little Brown Brothers” in the Philippines • Disappointed Filipinos hoped for independence – Emilio Aguinaldo fights back (1899 -1901) – United States was forced to deploy 126, 000 troops – 4, 234 Americans, ~600, 000 Filipinos died • William H. Taft became governor in 1901 – He called them his “little brown brothers” – “Benevolent assimilation” policy • Cost U. S. millions • Filipinos pined for liberty

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X. Hinging the Open Door in China • Open Door note (1899) – Respect Chinese rights – Keep China an “open door’ to fair trade • Boxer Rebellion – Anti-foreigner uprising • Results of the Boxer Rebellion – Europeans/Americans win & control trade – Tens of thousands died – Chinese forced to pay $333 million reparations

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XI. Imperialism or Bryanism in 1900? • Mc. Kinley renominated by Republicans in 1900 • William Jennings, choice of the Democrats • 1900 Election results – Mc. Kinley wins popular vote 7, 218, 491 to 6, 356, 734 – Electoral College 292 to 155 for Mc. Kinley • Victory for the Republicans – Won b/c of Prosperity & protectionism. (The 2 P’s)

XII. TR: Brandisher of the Big Stick • William Mc. Kinley murdered in September 1901 • Teddy Roosevelt becomes President (age 42) • Ardent champion of military and naval preparedness • He loved people and mingled with all ranks – Disregarded delicate checks and balances – Take any action not forbidden by Constitution

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XIII. Building the Panama Canal • Hay-Pauncefote Treaty: between US and GB – Gave U. S, legal right to build canal • Congress decided on Panama route (June 1902) – The Columbian Senate rejected U. S. offer – Panama rebels, U. S. defends Panama and buys land • Panama Canal Construction begins in 1901 – Cost was ~$400 million, completed in 1914

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XIV. TR’s Perversion of Monroe’s Doctrine • The Roosevelt Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine – “Preventive intervention” by the U. S. – No Europeans could push around Latin America • TR’s promote the “Bad Neighbor” policy – U. S. seen as the ‘Colossus of the North’ – Policy used to justify wholesale interventions

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XV. Roosevelt on the World Stage • Russo – Japanese War (1904 -1906) – Japan attacks Port Arthur (1904) – Russia’s counter attacks fail (1905) – TR negotiates a peace (1906) • TR received the Nobel Peace Prize in 1906 – Russia & Japan both upset about treaty • Japan and America now became rivals in Asia

XVI. Japanese Laborers in California • Side effect of the Russo-Japanese War – Japanese immigrants poured into California – TR negotiated the “Gentlemen’s Agreement” • TR sends out “The Great White Fleet” (1907) • U. S. /Japan sign Root-Tarahira agreement (1908) – Both agree to respect the other’s Pacific possessions – And to uphold the ‘Open Door’ in China.

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