Ancient Rome Expansion and Empire Expansion Roman Military

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Ancient Rome: Expansion and Empire

Ancient Rome: Expansion and Empire

Expansion �Roman Military Men 17 to 46 with property had to serve in the

Expansion �Roman Military Men 17 to 46 with property had to serve in the military during war. Legions: units in the Roman army of up to 6, 000 Century: in a legion; 100 men Well-trained and well-disciplined. Could fight in multiple types of terrain.

Italian Conquest � 265 BC: Rome defeated the Etruscans and the Greek cities in

Italian Conquest � 265 BC: Rome defeated the Etruscans and the Greek cities in southern Italy. �They began to conquer Italy. �Would not change the way of life for their conquered people, and only required that they receive men for their army. Those who went against Rome=punished. �Conquered people obeyed=gained Roman citizenship.

Punic Wars (264 BC-146 BC) �Background: Roman allies on the island of Sicily began

Punic Wars (264 BC-146 BC) �Background: Roman allies on the island of Sicily began to feud with Carthage (powerful trading city in North Africa) Rome=assisted Sicily, which started a feud between Rome and Carthage.

First Punic War (264 BC-241 BC) �Rome=strong army �Carthage=strong navy. �War=fought at sea; gave

First Punic War (264 BC-241 BC) �Rome=strong army �Carthage=strong navy. �War=fought at sea; gave Carthage an advantage. �Rome=built up their navy=defeated Carthage.

Second Punic War (218 BC-202 BC) � 238 BC: Rome seized the Carthaginian islands

Second Punic War (218 BC-202 BC) � 238 BC: Rome seized the Carthaginian islands Corsica and Sardinia. � 221 BC: Rome had an alliance with Saguntum in Spain. They began to stir up issues with the tribes in Spain loyal to Carthage struck back by seizing Saguntum. War was declared in 218 BC.

Second Punic War, cont. �Carthaginians, led by Hannibal, invaded Italy with troops and elephants.

Second Punic War, cont. �Carthaginians, led by Hannibal, invaded Italy with troops and elephants. �Dominated the Romans. �In one battle, they killed or injured 50, 000 Romans!

Elefantry

Elefantry

Elefantry

Elefantry

Second Punic War, cont. �Romans defeated Carthage in Spain �Publius Cornelius Scipio (Scipio Africanus),

Second Punic War, cont. �Romans defeated Carthage in Spain �Publius Cornelius Scipio (Scipio Africanus), went to Africa and attacked Carthage. � 202 BC: Rome won the war. �Rome=leading power in the western Mediterranean �Stripped Carthage of its navy and its land in Spain.

Third Punic War (149 BC-146 BC) �Romans wanted Carthage destroyed �Took 3 years; destroyed

Third Punic War (149 BC-146 BC) �Romans wanted Carthage destroyed �Took 3 years; destroyed the city. �Enslaved all citizens. �Banned anyone from living there.

Third Punic War

Third Punic War

Greek Conquest �Hellenistic Kingdoms of Persia, Egypt, Greece, and Macedonia=always at war with each

Greek Conquest �Hellenistic Kingdoms of Persia, Egypt, Greece, and Macedonia=always at war with each other=all became Roman provinces �Greek city-states did not want to be ruled by any of the three kingdoms=alliance with Rome. �Greece and Rome defeated Macedonia and Persia=became provinces of Rome. �Rome would eventually conquer Greece, making it a province as well.

Development of the Roman Empire �Rome began to experience internal issues due to the

Development of the Roman Empire �Rome began to experience internal issues due to the stress of such a large republic.

Gracchi �Gracchi (Tiberius Gracchus and Gaius Gracchus): brothers who tried to reform Rome when

Gracchi �Gracchi (Tiberius Gracchus and Gaius Gracchus): brothers who tried to reform Rome when it came to the negative effects on soldier-farmers who were becoming poor after they would return from war to find that their land was destroyed or sold away. �Redistributed land to these soldiers �Public supported them, elite did not. �Both killed=elite thought that they would take too much influence away from them �Violence and politics=intertwined.

Gracchi

Gracchi

Roman Generals � 107 BC: Gaius Marius became consul, lifted the property requirement for

Roman Generals � 107 BC: Gaius Marius became consul, lifted the property requirement for the army; even commoners could join. �Commoners loyal to generals in order to get conquered land=generals gained more power.

Lucius Cornelius Sulla �General during the Social War, became consul in 88 BC. �Gaius

Lucius Cornelius Sulla �General during the Social War, became consul in 88 BC. �Gaius Marius tried to keep Sulla from taking over military command. �Sulla invaded Rome with his legions. �Sulla won this civil war (Rome vs. Rome) and became a dictator. Executed his enemies and opposition.

Sulla

Sulla

Transitioning into an Empire �REPUBLIC WAS FALLING APART!!!

Transitioning into an Empire �REPUBLIC WAS FALLING APART!!!

First Triumvirate (60 BC) �Ruling group of three men. �Julius Caesar: great military commander;

First Triumvirate (60 BC) �Ruling group of three men. �Julius Caesar: great military commander; conquered much of the western part of the Republic. �Gnaeus Pompey: great military commander; conquered much of the eastern part of the Republic. �Licinius Crassus: one of the richest men in Rome.

Caesar

Caesar

Pompey

Pompey

Crassus

Crassus

First Triumvirate, cont. �Crassus died �Caesar and Pompey=civil war; Caesar won. �Caesar=dictator for life.

First Triumvirate, cont. �Crassus died �Caesar and Pompey=civil war; Caesar won. �Caesar=dictator for life. �Citizenship to people in the provinces. �Land to veterans. �Popular with the people, but the Senate feared his influence=murdered him

Caesar

Caesar

Ides of March

Ides of March

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