AnNajah National University Chemical Engineering Department Graduation Project2

An-Najah National University Chemical Engineering Department Graduation Project(2) Recycling and Rreinforcing of PP from White Board Markers Prepared by: Feda a Jitawi Hidaya Shaker Ismaiel Manasrah Mays Shadeed Supervisor: Eng. Shadi Sawalha 2011 1

Presentation Topics � Problem � Objectives � Introduction � Methodology � Result and Discussion � Conclusion 2 and Recommendation

Problem The problem comes from highly amount of consumed white board markers inside educational centres. These markers occupied large volume because they are not biodegradable due to their nature. 3

Objectives 4 � Recycling of White Board Markers and use its constituents as composite component in order to produce a stronger polymer which could be used in other applications.

Introduction 5

White Board Markers PP HDPE PET 6

COMPOSITE v Fiber composite technology is based on taking advantage of the high strength and high stiffness of fibers, which are combined with matrix materials of similar/ dissimilar natures in various ways, creating inevitable interfaces. v Most composites have two constituent materials: a binder or matrix, and reinforcement. v The reinforcement is usually much stronger and stiffer than the matrix, and gives the composite its good properties. 7

COMPOSITE v v Reinforcements basically come in three forms: particulate, discontinuous fiber, and continuous fiber. Factors affect the composite strength: • Interfacial bonding • Influence of Fiber Length • Influence of Fiber Orientation 8

Glass Fiber-reinforced Plastic (GFRP), is a fiber reinforced polymer made of a plastic matrix reinforced by fine fibers made of glass. Properties of glass fiber: • High strength-to-weight ratio. • High modulus of elasticity-toweight ratio. • Good corrosion resistance. • Good insulating properties. • Low thermal resistance. • But it is weak in compression. Glass fibers reinforced polymer matrix composites are manufactured by open mold processes, closed mold processes and Pultrusion method. 9

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Methodology Information collection Raw material collection Statistical survey. questionnaire University decision for WBM collection • Statistical survey. • questionnaire Material type determination DSC test was performed to every part of the marker 11

Methodology Raw material preparation • Using tensile test • Sorting • • Cleaning Sorting • grinding • Cleaning • Grinding • Modulus of processing • Using thermal press thermal • Produce 6 of reinforced sheet press • Produce 6 series of reinforced sheet Testing and Analysis • Using tensile test • Using tensile • Modulus of elasticity, test tensile strength and Ke were calculated • Modulus of elasticity, tensile strength and KE were calculated 12

Result and Discussion 13

Statistical Survey The number of the markers • 38810 Weight (Kg) • 670 14

DSC Test Results 15

Body, cap , and plug samples 16 Figure (2): The DSC test result for the body of the white board marker.

Holder sample Figure (3): The DSC test result for the fibre holder of the white board marker. 17

Fibers sample Figure (4): The DSC test result for the fibers of the white board marker. 18

Tensile Test Results 19

Polypropylene and glass fiber composite at different composition 38 1100 36 34 900 Yield strength (MPa) Modulus of elasticty (MPa) 1000 32 800 30 28 700 26 600 24 500 22 400 20 Wt% 40 0 10 20 Wt% 30 40 Figure (5): Relationship between modulus of elasticity and yield strength with glass fiber content at constant temperature 220˚C. 20

Polypropylene and glass fiber composite at different composition 0, 25 0, 20 KE 0, 15 0, 10 0, 05 0, 00 0 10 Wt% 20 30 40 Figure (6): Relationship between ke versus weight percent of glass fiber 21

29 1000 27 900 Modulus of elasticty (MPa) Yield strength (MPa) Polypropylene and glass fiber composite at different temperature 25 23 21 19 17 15 200 250 300 Temperature (˚C) 350 800 700 600 500 400 300 250 Temperature (˚C) 300 Figure (7): Relationship between modulus of elasticity and yield strength with temperature at constant composition 10 wt% glass fiber. 22

Polypropylene (PP) and Recycled polyethylene teraphthalate fibers (r. PETFs) composite at different composition. 30 Modulus of elasticty (MPa) Yield strength (MPa) 28 26 24 22 20 18 16 850 800 750 700 650 600 550 500 14 450 12 10 900 400 0 5 10 15 Wt% 20 25 0 5 10 Wt% 15 20 25 Figure (8): Relationship between modulus of elasticity and yield strength with weight percentage of PET fiber at constant temperature 220˚C. 24

Polypropylene (PP) and Recycled polyethylene teraphthalate fibers (r. PETFs) composite at different composition 1, 2 1, 0 KE 0, 8 0, 6 0, 4 0, 2 0, 0 Figure 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 Wt% 18 20 22 24 26 28 (9): Relationship between Ke versus weight percent of PET fibre 24

Polypropylene (PP) and Recycled poly ethylene terephthalate fibers (r. PETF) composite at different temperature. 31 1000 29 900 Modulus of elasticty (MPa) Yield strength (MPa) 33 27 25 23 21 19 17 15 200 250 300 Temperature (˚C) 350 800 700 600 500 400 300 250 Temperature (˚C) 300 Figure (10): Relationship between modulus of elasticity and temperature at constant composition 8 wt% PET fiber. 25

Comparison between glass fiber/PP composite and r. PETf/PP composite 35 1100 1000 Modulus of elasticity (MPa) Tensile Strength (MPa) 30 25 20 15 10 0 10 20 Wt% 30 40 900 800 Glass fiber 700 PET 600 500 400 0 10 20 Wt% 30 40 Figure (11): Comparison between the modulus of elasticity tensile strength of glass fibre/PP composite and r. PETf/ PP. 26

Modulus of elasticity (MPa) Yield strength (MPa) 1400 Wt% 1200 1000 800 600 400 200 0 0 2 4 Wt% 6 8 10 27

Glass fibre (mat) and Polypropylene composite at different temperature. 45 850 Modulus of elasticty (MPa) Yield strength (MPa) 40 35 30 25 750 700 650 20 15 800 600 250 300 Temperature (˚C) 350 200 250 Temperature (˚C) 300 Figure(13): Relationship between modulus of elasticity and weight percentage of PET fiber at constant temperature 220˚C. 28

Conclusion The material of WBM consist of PP , HDPE, and PET fibers The PP content is 66% from the hole marker The optimum GF composition in r-PP/GF was 15% at processing temperature of 220 (˚C). 29

The optimum composition of r. PETFs in Composite of r -PP/r. PETFs is 10%, at temperature of 220 (˚C) The optimum compositions of r. PETFs and short GF where 4% and 10% respectively in r. PETFs and GF/r-PP composite at processing temperature 220 (˚C). The optimum processing temperature for r-PP/GF (E-class mat) composite is 280 (˚C) 30

Problem objective The problem is the high amount of consumed white board markers The objective is to recycle these markers and to produce a new product by composite. A three component composite 4%PET and 10%GF 31

Thank You For Coming And Listening Any Question? 32

1 • Polypropylene and glass fiber composite at different composition 2 • Polypropylene and glass fiber composite at different temperature 3 • Polypropylene (PP) and Recycled polyethylene teraphthalate fibers (r. PETFs) composite at different composition. 4 • Polypropylene (PP) and Recycled poly ethylene terephthalate fibers (r. PETF) composite at different temperature. 5 • Three composite component (r. PETFs and PP)/GF at different composition 6 • Glass fibre (mat) and Polypropylene composite at different temperature. 33

Polypropylene (PP): Ø PP is a versatile polymer used in applications from films to fibers. Ø PP is synthesized by the polymerization of propylene, a monomer derived from petroleum products. Ø With a density of 0. 905 g/cm 3. Ø The melting temperature is 165 to 170˚C. 34

Polyester (PETF): Ø Resin is used in several key products; a large part of the polyester is converted into fibers Ø Condensation polymer made from terephthalic acid and ethylene glycol. Ø Density : 1. 3 -1. 4 gmcm 3. Ø Melting temperature: 212265 ˚C. 35

High density polyethylene (HDPE): Ø High-density polyethylene has the simplest structure and is essentially made of long virtually unbranched chains of polymer. Ø PE is synthesized by the polymerization of ethylene, a monomer derived from ØWith density in the range petroleum products. of 0. 941– 0. 965 g/cm 3). ØThe melting temperature 130˚C. 36

Comparison between glass fiber/PP composite and r. PETFs/PP composite Figure (13): Comparison between the modulus of elasticity tensile strength of glass fibre/PP composite and r. PETFs/ PP. 37

Polypropylene and glass fiber(10 wt% glass fiber) composite at different temperature 1000 Modulus of elasticty (MPa) Yield strength (MPa) 29 27 25 23 21 19 17 15 200 250 300 Temperature (˚C) 350 900 800 700 600 500 400 300 250 300 Temperature (˚C) Figure (7): Relationship between modulus of elasticity and yield strength with temperature at constant composition 10 wt% glass fiber. 38

Figure (4): The DSC test result for the fibers of the white board marker. 39