African Ethnic Groups African Trade 15 c17 c

African Ethnic Groups

African Trade [15 c-17 c]

European Explorers in Africa 19 c Europeans Map the Interior of Africa

Pre-19 c European Trade with Africa

Where Is Dr. Livingstone? Doctor Livingstone, I Presume? Dr. David Livingstone Sir Henry Morton Stanley

The Congo Free State or The Belgian Congo

King Leopold II: (r. 1865 – 1909)

Harvesting Rubber

Punishing “Lazy” Workers

5 -8 Million Victims! (50% of Popul. ) It is blood-curdling to see them (the soldiers) returning with the hands of the slain, and to find the hands of young children amongst the bigger ones evidencing their bravery. . . The rubber from this district has cost hundreds of lives, and the scenes I have witnessed, while unable to help the oppressed, have been almost enough to make me wish I were dead. . . This rubber traffic is steeped in blood, and if the natives were to rise and sweep every white person on the Upper Congo into eternity, there would still be left a fearful balance to their credit. -- Belgian Official

Belgium’s Stranglehold on the Congo

Source for Raw Materials Industrial Revolution Markets for Finished Goods European Nationalism Missionary Activity European Motives For Colonization Military & Naval Bases Social Darwinism Places to Dump Unwanted/ Excess Popul. European Racism “White Man’s Burden” Humanitarian Reasons Soc. & Eco. Opportunities

Social Darwinism

The “White Man’s Burden” Rudyard Kipling

The “White Man’s Burden”?

Forces Enabling Imperialism

The Maxim Gun

Transportation and Communication

Anti-Malaria Drugs

The Berlin Conference • laid down rules for the conquest of Africa • agreed that any European country could claim land in Africa if they notified others of the claim and could show they controlled the area • Africa was divided without paying attention to the linguistic, cultural, or ethnic groups • no Africans were at the meeting • by 1914 only Liberia and Ethiopia were free from European control

The Scramble for Africa

The Scramble for Africa

Africa in 1914

Dutch Landing in 1652

Shaka Zulu (1785 – 1828)

Boers Clash With the Tribes Boer Farmer

The Great Trek, 1836 -38 Afrikaners

Diamond Mines Raw Diamonds

The Struggle for South Africa

Cecil Rhodes (1853 -1902) “The Colossus of Rhodes”

The Boer War: 1899 The Boers - 1900 The British

Boer War: “Total War”

A Future British Prime Minister British Boer War Correspondent, Winston Churchill

Old and New Imperialism • Old Imperialism: – 15 th and 16 th Centuries – North and South America • New Imperialism: – 18 th and 19 th Centuries – Africa and Asia – Imperialism Europeans demanded more influence over the economic, political, and social lives of the people – wanted people to adopt European customs

Forms of European Control • colony-governed internally by a foreign power • Protectorate-has its own internal government, but under control of an outside power • Sphere of Influence-an outside power claims exclusive investment or trading rights • Economic Imperialism-controlled by private (European) businesses not another government

Indirect Control • Britain and the United States • relied on existing political rulers • each colony had a legislative council that included local merchants, and professionals • it was assumed that the councils would train locals in the British method and eventually the population could govern itself • happened in Canada and South Africa (sort of)

Direct Control • viewed Africans and children unable to govern themselves • policy of paternalism—governing in a fatherly way— providing needs, but not giving rights • brought in own bureaucrats and did not train the locals • the French supported the idea of assimilation-idea that over time the Africans would be absorbed in the French culture—schools, courts, businesses patterned after those in France • in practice, the idea of assimilation as abandoned in favor of association—recognized the African culture and institutions, but looked at them as inferior

Positive Impact of Colonial Rule • reduced local warfare between rival tribes • improved sanitation • hospitals and schools—longer life span and more literacy • economic expansion—African products on the international market • railroads, canals, dams, telephone, and telegraph