Africa Historical Understanding EuropeanAfrican Colonial History Pan Africanism

Africa Historical Understanding European-African Colonial History Pan Africanism & Environmental Review

AFRICA Historical Understanding Standard: SS 7 H 1 Students analyze continuity and change in Africa leading to the 21 st century. a. Explain how European partitioning across Africa contributed to conflict, civil war, and artificial political boundaries.

FIRST FIVE Agenda Message: Message CDA-IV covering Africa is scheduled for Friday January 17 th. Study Guides go home Today. Standard: Explain how European partitioning , and artificial political boundaries across Africa contributed to conflict, civil war. Essential Question: Monday January 13 th: European colonialism drew artificial boundaries to manage Africa’s natural resources. What was the result? Warm-up: What are the five contributing factors to Africa’s polluted water problems? Today We Will: 1. Colonial African History (Colonies & Natural Resources)

ANSWERS E. Q. Answers for Monday January 13 th: Just as we saw in SWA, artificial boundaries drawn by European countries whose sole interest was their control of the regions natural resources led to ongoing conflicts & Civil Wars. Warm-Up: 1. Pesticides, 2. fertilizers, 3. human and animal wastes, 4. storm water runoff, 5. mining, and manufacturing byproducts These all contribute to water pollution in Africa.

FIRST FIVE Agenda Message: Message : CDA-IV covering Africa is Friday January 17 th. Study Guides went home Monday. Standard: Explain how European partitioning across Africa contributed to conflict, civil war, and artificial political boundaries. Essential Question for Tuesday January 14, 2020: After independence, why did modern African nations have difficulty establishing stable governments? Warm-Up: Name the two main reasons European countries were initially interested in Africa? Today We Will: � Continue African History

ANSWERS E. Q. Answer for Tuesday January 14, 2020: Even after independence, modern African nations had difficulty establishing stable governments because of the earlier artificial boundaries drawn by European powers. As in SWA, on one hand these artificial boundaries divided ethnic and religious groups and on the other hand they forced groups to live together who had been enemies for generations. Warm-Up: Protection of trade routes and Africa’s natural resources

FIRST FIVW Agenda Message: Message CDA IV has been moved to next Wednesday January 22 nd. Standard: Explain how nationalism led to independence in South Africa, Kenya, and Nigeria. Explain the creation and end of apartheid in South Africa and the roles of Nelson Mandela and F. W. de Klerk. Essential Question: Wednesday, January 15, 2020: What is Pan Africanism? Warm-up: How long was Nelson Mandela in prison? Today We Will: 1. African History (Apartheid, Nelson Mandela, & Pan Africanism)

ANSWERS E. Q. Answer for Wednesday January 15, 2020: The Pan-African movement began as a reaction to the terrible experiences of Black Africans under European colonial rule. They called for Africans all over the world to think of themselves as one people and to work together for the betterment of Black people every where. Ultimately the Pan. African movement sparked the African independence movements that helped to end European colonial rule. Warm-up: Mandela served 27 years of a life sentence in prison.

FIRST FIVE Agenda Message: CDA-IV has been rescheduled to next Wednesday, January 22, 2020. Turn in Study Guides on the day of the test for grading. Standard: Explain how water pollution and the unequal distribution of water impacts irrigation, trade, industry and drinking water. Essential Question for Thursday January 16, 2020: 2020 What are major contributing factors in polluting African rivers? Warm-Up: List the main causes of desertification. Today We Will: 1. Review African Environmental Issues.

ANSWERS E. Q. Answer for Thursday January 16, 2020: 2020 Pesticides, fertilizers, human waste, storm water runoff, mining, and manufacturing by products all contribute to water pollution in Africa. Warm-up Answer: The three main reasons for desertification are overgrazing, poor agricultural practices, and the slash and burn policy in the rainforest.

FIRST FIVE Agenda Message: Monday is the MLK holiday. E. Q. ’s & Warm-ups for this week are due next Tuesday. Africa test is Wednesday. Standard SS 7 E 2: Explain why international trade requires a system for exchanging currencies between nations. Essential Question for Friday January 17, 2019: What makes foreign trade easier for Africa? Warm-Up: List and provide a brief description of the four types of economies. Today We Will: 1. Comparative Economy Review (Nigeria, Kenya & South Africa)

ANSWERS E. Q. Answer for Friday January 17, 2020: 2020 All countries have different currency (money) and each currency has a different value or worth. In order to insure that countries do not get cheated in trade they use a Foreign Exchange. Warm-up Answer: Traditional Economy: No money, uses trade/barter instead Command Economy: Government planning groups answer the three basic economic questions Market Economy: Consumers answer the three basic economic questions Mixed-Market Economy: A mix of Command & Market

AFRICA Historical Understanding European Imperialism Europeans in the nineteenth century saw colonies as a measure of national power or importance and a key part of the system was known as imperialism. A strong country was supposed to have colonies to provide raw materials and markets to increase its wealth and importance in the world.

AFRICA Historical Understanding European Imperialism in Africa Some countries, like Britain, wanted to control areas of Africa to protect the transportation routes to British Empire territories in India and Asia. ~Egypt was on the Suez Canal. ~Cape Colony overlooked the southern tip of Africa, protecting the sea route around the continent.

AFRICA Historical Understanding Africa’s Rich Natural Resources Gold, platinum, and diamonds were discovered in South Africa. 2. Iron ore, coal, and eventually the element uranium were found in other areas. 3. The Congo produced rubber, a key part of industrial production in Europe. 1.

AFRICA Historical Understanding European Colonist & Religion Another key factor was the work of Christian missionaries. They saw European colonization of Africa as a way to bring Christianity to a “uncivilized” land. 2. Their work gave the colonizers another excuse to do whatever they wanted to do in Africa. 1.

AFRICA Historical Understanding European Colonial Structure & Organization 1. Some European powers allowed large companies to come into the area of Africa they controlled, organizing the African population in whatever ways would guarantee the most efficient work force. 2. Others set up colonial governments. They forced the African population into going along with colonial demands for work and using natural resources.

AFRICA Historical Understanding African colonies were divided into administrative districts and put under the power or control of European officials. These administrators were expected to keep the peace, get the work done, and help “civilize” the African people. Nearly all Europeans working in Africa felt the local people were backwards and in need of Europe’s civilizing influence. Most knew nothing of the great cultures that were part of Africa’s past.

AFRICA Historical Understanding Life as Part of a Colony Indirect Rule Some European powers like the British used indirect rule. They appointed local chiefs to be their enforcers, to collect taxes, run businesses the British wanted, and put down any trouble that began to emerge. Africans were lured into jobs with promises of wealth, power, and influence.

AFRICA Historical Understanding Assimilation The French took a more direct approach, encouraging Africans to become French citizens, a policy known as assimilation. The French forced those they had conquered to give up their own customs and adopt French ways. Many people in African colonies controlled by France began speaking French and several applied for and were granted French citizenship.

AFRICA Historical Understanding After World War II Though they worked to keep order in their African colonies few European powers did much to improve the lives of the Africans themselves, unless doing so would increase profits. This neglect remained largely the rule until after World War II.

AFRICA Historical Understanding By the 1950’s however, change was in the air. Many Africans were openly opposed to continued European control of their countries. They realized that colonialism was not equality for all.

AFRICA Historical Understanding The European powers had more rights and more comfortable lives than their African subjects. The Europeans were taking advantage of African land labor, and they saw the African people as second class citizens.

AFRICA Historical Understanding World Wars I and II had opened Africa to the rest of the world. They had fought on the side of Europeans, and they now began to demand freedom for themselves.

AFRICA Historical Understanding Slowly the European powers began to liberate their African colonies. By 1960, there were 27 independent African countries. By 1975, over 47 were independent. Even so, independence came at a high cost.

AFRICA Historical Understanding When the European countries established the boundaries for their colonies, they paid little attention to the traditional loyalties and kinship groups of the people they were ruling. Boundaries between colonies were decided according to colonial practice rather than what made sense in terms of the different groups who lived in the areas being divided.

AFRICA Historical Understanding Artificial boundaries brought together people that had previously belonged to separate tribes or countries. In addition, ethnic groups that had historically been united were split. What a mess! As a result the European division of Africa caused conflict and destroyed many African traditions.

AFRICA Historical Understanding These new boundaries often followed old colonial boundaries, with little concern for the ethnic and religious groups that lived there. These artificial boundaries often resulted in conflict and civil war.

AFRICA Historical Understanding Even after independence, modern African nations had difficulty establishing stable governments. It was especially difficult working within the boundaries Europe had set.

AFRICA Historical Understanding Conflicts and Civil Wars Two examples of independent African conflicts and civil wars that related to the artificial boundaries established by Europe are Rwanda and Nigeria;

AFRICA Historical Understanding 1. The Tutsi and Hutu had lived as neighbors before the Belgian colonization, but it was the artificial boundaries merging them into Rwanda that caused far-reaching trouble. The civil war in 1994 was devastating. The Hutu-controlled army killed between 500, 000 to 1, 000 Tutsi. 2. Thirty years of civil war scared Nigeria following independence in 1960. Conflict occurred between Nigeria’s hundreds of ethnic groups as the country was subdivided into regions.