World History Unit 4 Empires and Kingdoms Growth

World History Unit 4 – “Empires and Kingdoms: Growth and Expansion” SSWH 4 The student will analyze the importance of the Byzantine and Mongol empires between 450 CE and 1500 CE. Explain the relationship of the Byzantine Empire to the Roman Empire. Describe the significance of Justinian’s law code, Theodora and the role of women, and Byzantine art and architecture. Analyze the establishment of Christianity as the official religion of the Byzantine Empire. Analyze the role of Constantinople as a trading and religious center. Explain the influence of the Byzantine Empire on Russia, with particular attention to its impact on Tsar Ivan III and Kiev. Define the role of Orthodox Christianity and the Schism.

BYZANTINE EMPIRE o o WHAT DO YOU KNOW? WHAT IS THE CONNECTION BETWEEN THE BYZANTINE EMPIRE AND THE ROMAN EMPIRE?

o http: //www. history. com/topics/byzantine-empire

o o o o The origins 330 A. D. Roman emperor Constantine I dedicated a "new Rome" on the site of the ancient Greek colony of Byzantium NEW ROME, CONSTANTINOPLE, CAPITAL OF ERE, BE, sometimes call the 2 nd Rome. Though the western half of the Roman Empire crumbled and fell in 476 the eastern half survived for 1, 000 more years, spawning a rich tradition of art, literature and learning and serving as a military buffer between the states of Europe and the threat of invasion from Asia and Islamic peoples The Byzantine Empire finally fell in 1453, after an Ottoman army stormed Constantinople during the reign of Constantine XI.

o o o o A New Rome CONSTANTINOPLE, BYZANTINE EMPIRE "Byzantine" derives from Byzantium, an ancient Greek colony founded by a man named Byzas Located on the European side of the Bosporus (the strait linking the Black Sea to the Mediterranean) the site of Byzantium was ideally located to serve as a transit and trade point between Europe and Asia Minor In 330 A. D. , Roman Emperor Constantine I chose Byzantium as the site of a new Roman capital, Constantinople Five years earlier, at the Council of Nicaea, Constantine had established Christianity (once an obscure Jewish sect) as Rome's official religion Constantinople and the rest of the Eastern Roman Empire identified strongly as Romans and Christians, though many of them spoke Greek and not Latin

CONSTANTINOPLE

THE BYZANTINE EMPIRE AND CHRISTIANITY o o o official language was Latin Greek was also widely spoken, and students received education in Greek history religion: the Council of Chalcedon in 451 division of the Christian world into five patriarchates (geographic regions), each ruled by a patriarch (religious leader) 1 Rome (where the patriarch would later call himself pope 2 Constantinople 3 Alexandria 4 Antioch 5 Jerusalem (Beginning of Roman Catholic Church , RCC) Byzantine emperor was the patriarch of Constantinople, and the head of both church and state (After the Islamic empire absorbed Alexandria, Antioch and Jerusalem in the seventh century, the Byzantine emperor would become the spiritual leader of most eastern Christians. )

CONSTANTINOPLE o o o CONSTANTINOPLE CITY OF CONSTANTINE CAPITAL OF B. E. (E. R. E) AND LATER THE ISLAMIC OTTOMAN TURK EMPIRE

CONSTANTINOPLE o o o built on seven hills and the Golden Horn and the Sea of Marmara impregnable fortress with 3 surrounding walls enclosing magnificent palaces, domes and towers The Church of Hagia Sophia palace of the emperors the hippodrome the Golden Gate

HOLY WISDOM JUSTINIAN EASTERN ORTHODOX ROMAN CATHOLIC MUSLIM MOSQUE MUSEUM

o o o HIPPODROME HIPPO-HORSE DROMOS-RACEWAY

o http: //www. cbn. com/media/player/index. aspx? s=/mp 4/EZ 30 v 2_WS

EMPEROR JUSTINIAN o Justinian the Great Byzantine Emperor from 527 to 565 revived the Empire's greatness and reconquered the lost western half of the classical Roman Empire. o General Belisarius o o o

BELISARIUS

o o Legacy rewriting of Roman law, the Corpus Juris Civilis Byzantine culture Hagia Sophia, which was to be the center of Eastern Orthodox Christianity

o o o Plague of Justinian) in the early 540 s marked the end of an age of splendor The Empire entered a period of territorial decline not to be reversed until the ninth century. Procopius, historian, provides the primary source for the history of Justinian's reign his empress, Theodora, improved role of women in empire

THEODORA o o o o expanded the rights of women in divorce and property ownership instituted the death penalty for rape forbade exposure of unwanted infants gave mothers some guardianship rights over their children and forbade the killing of a wife who committed adultery Procopius wrote that she was naturally inclined to assist women in misfortune

o http: //www. history. com/topics/byzantine-empire/videos#the-black-death-and-the-byzantine-empire

EASTERN ORTHODOX CHRISTIANITY o o o o The Eastern Orthodox Church Orthodox Catholic Church commonly referred to as the Orthodox Church second largest Christian church in the world 300 million adherents Eastern and Southeastern Europe religious denomination of the majority of the populations of Russia, Belarus, Ukraine, Moldova, Georgia, Romania, Serbia, Montenegro, Macedonia, Bulgaria, Greece, and Cyprus

o o traces its development back through the Byzantine or Roman empire, to the earliest church established by St. Paul and the Apostles Icons can be found adorning the walls of Orthodox churches facing eas

o Cathedral of Saint Sava, Belgrade, Serbia, o the world's largest Orthodox Church

o o The East–West Schism Great Schism Division Christianity into Eastern (Greek) and Western (Latin) branches, which later became known as the Eastern Orthodox Church and the Roman Catholic Church, respectively Relations between East and West had long been due to theological differences

11 TH CENTURY: COMPARING THE CHRISTIAN CHURCHES, ROMAN CATHOLIC AND EASTERN ORTHODOX o o o RCC ROME LATIN POPE IS OVER ALL BISHOPS, KINGS, EMPERORS PRIESTS CANNOT MARRY NO DIVORCE o EOC CONSTANTINOPLE GREEK PATRIARCHS/BISHOPS HEAD CHURCH AS GROUP MARRIED PRIESTS DIVORCE ALLOWED o o SIMILARITIES THE GOSPEL, JESUS, BIBLE SACRAMENTS, BAPTISM PRIESTS AND BISHOPS GOAL: CONVERSION TO CHRISTIANITY

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BYZANTINE EMPIRE AND RUSSIA o o o o CONVERTS (FOLLOWERS) COMPETITION MISSIONARIES CONVERT SLAVS (RUSSIANS) TO ORTHODOX CHRISTIANITY SAINT METHODIUS SAINT CYRIL DEVELOP ALPHABET FOR SLAVIC LANGUAGE, BASED ON GREEK BIBLE READING CYRILLIC ALPHABET TRADE BETWEEN RUSSIANS (KIEVAN RUSSIA, CITY OF KIEV) DIFFUSED CULTURE

o o KIEVAN RUSSIA

KIEVAN RUSSIA

KIEVAN RUSSIA o o o o late 9 th to the mid 13 th century Vikings called Rus: FOUNDERS LEADERS Vladimir the Great (980– 1015) son Yaroslav I the Wise (1019– 1054) "Golden Age" of Kiev introduction of Christianity creation of the first East Slavic written legal code, the Russkaya Pravda ("Justice of Rus")

o o o o Ivan III (The Great) 22 January 1440 - 27 October 1505; reign, 1462 -1505 Moscow, Russia Ivan the Great Grand Prince of Moscow and "Grand Prince of all Rus“ “gatherer of the Russian lands, “ ended the dominance of the Golden Horde (Mongol Empire of East Asia) over the Rus laid the foundations of the Russian state one of the longest-reigning Russian rulers in history reign was "militarily glorious and economically sound centralized control over local rulers period of cultural depression and spiritual barrenness Freedom was stamped out within the Russian lands anti-Catholic Ivan brought down the curtain between Russia and the west For the sake of territorial aggrandizement he deprived country of Western learning and civilization. “ Married a Byzantine princess

o o IVAN III, THE GREAT SUCCESSOR TO BYZANTINE EMPERORS (AFTER FALL OF CONSTANTINOPLE TO MUSLIM OTTOMAN TURKS)