TRANSLATION METHODS AND TRANSLATION STRATEGIES OF NOUN PHRASES

TRANSLATION METHODS AND TRANSLATION STRATEGIES OF NOUN PHRASES IN ENGLISH FOR MECHANICAL ENGINEERING AND MATERIAL SCIENCE DOCUMENT ABOUT “INTRODUCTION TO ROBOTICS” Supervisor: By Hanoi, June 2014

• Explore English NPs in Mechanical Engineering and Material Science documents. • Examine effect of translation issues on students at SOFL (HUST). • Find out suitable strategies for translating these structures. • Apply appropriate strategies and procedures into translation.

1 Chapter I: INTRODUCTION 2 Chapter II: LITERATURE REVIEW 3 Chapter III: STUDY 4 Chapter IV: CONCLUSION 3

1. NOUN PHRASES (NP) • Definition • Structure • Classification 2. TRANSLATION OF ENGLISH NPs INTO VIETNAMESE • Semantic method • Communicative method

1. NOUN PHRASE v Definition: “A word or a combination of words whose center is a noun or a pronoun” Greenbaum and Nelson (2002) • Grammatical role: ü Subject That chocolate cake was the best thing I ever ate ü Object/ object complement of a verb The committee elected James president ü Prepositional phrase In the kitchen (Tallerman, 1998)

1. NOUN PHRASE v. Structure • Noun phrase in English Pre-modifiers Head Post-modifiers Optional Obligatory Optional Leech, Deuchar, and Hoogenraad (1982) in “English Grammar for Today: A New Introduction” • Noun phrase in Vietnamese Initial elements Central elements Final elements Nguyen(1997) in “Vietnamese Grammar”

v Classification NOUN PHRASE SIMPLE NOUN PHRASE Simple modifiers Noun/ Pronoun The Article beautiful Adjective COMPLEX NOUN PHRASE Noun/ Pronoun Complex modifiers woman The man who jumped out of the window Noun noun relative clause

2. TRANSLATION OF ENGLISH NPs INTO VIETNAMESE v. Translation Translation Source language Target language Linguistic knowledge Culture background Translation strategies

2. TRANSLATION OF ENGLISH NPs INTO VIETNAMESE SEMANTIC METHOD COMMUNICATIVE METHOD • Source language can be • Source language cannot be directly transposed • Allow the exact contextual • Alter meaning or reconstruct meaning of the original the grammatical system • Be more detailed, more literal • Be smoother, simpler, cleaner and more source text focused and more accessible to readers

v. Semantic methods • Borrowing: Words are directly taken from one language into another without translation Soup Súp Café Coffee • Calque ü Borrowed from the source language ü Translated word by word : a b c a’ b’ c’ or only one of the morphemes is translated by native a b c a’ b c

2. TRANSLATION OF ENGLISH NPs INTO VIETNAMESE v Semantic methods • Literal translation: word-for-word translation in its extreme version ü Grammatical constructions =>the nearest equivalents ü Lexical words: no change

v Communicative methods • Transposition ü “a change of one part of speech for another without changing the sense” (Vinay and Darbelnet (in Munday, 2001) ü Change: o Order of words o Grammatical change: position of adjectives or plural of nouns. ü No change: meaning of the source text

2. TRANSLATION OF ENGLISH NPs INTO VIETNAMESE v Communicative methods: • Equivalence: üDenote the same concepts by different structural means üA replacement of a source language situation by a communicatively comparable target language case 13

1. Introduction of the sample 2. Data analysis 3. Findings

1. Introduction of the sample “Introduction to Robotics” by Philip Mc. Kerrow (1995) Picking out NPs Analysis Strategies

2. Data analysis Simple NP (81%) Complex NP (19%) 1054 243 N + Only N/ Article Numeral Demonst Quanti pronoun + N rative +N fier Possessive (‘s) Adj + NP possessive construction (of) NP with relative clauses 462 182 39 24 48 15 284 190 53 35% 14% 3% 2% 4% 1% 22% 15% 4% Table 1: Frequency of NPs

2. Data analysis: Simple NPs Ø Noun Phrases with only a Noun/Pronoun or Conjoint Ns ü Literal translation method No English Vietnamese 1 People Con người 2 Misalignment Sự không thẳng hàng 3 Boot Thùng xe

2. Data analysis: Simple NPs Ø Noun Phrases with only a Noun/Pronoun or Conjoint Ns ü Transposition and paraphrasing No Semantic Relation Noun phrases Analysis Target language 1 Composition Robot arm Arm is made of robot Cánh tay robot 2 Purpose Welding station Station for welding Cơ sở hàn 3 Identity Expert painter Painter is expert Chuyên gia sơn 4 Content Plastics industry Industry about plastics Công nghiệp chất dẻo 5 Possession Arc length Length of arc Độ dài hồ quang 6 Partitive Weld head Head of weld Đầu hàn

2. Data analysis: Simple NPs Ø Noun Phrases with only a Noun/Pronoun or Conjoint Ns ü Borrowing method Voice command – Khẩu lệnh Photo detector – Thiết bị dò quang

2. Data analysis: Simple NPs Ø Article, quantifier, ‘s possessive NPs: ü Literal strategy Types Example Vietnamese translation Article NPs Robot Odyssey is an adventure game for Robot Odyssey là một trò chơi khám phá dùng teaching logic design (Dewdney, 1985). Article NPs In November 1970, Lunokhod 1, the trong giảng dạy thiết kế logic (Dewdney, 1985). Tháng 11 năm 1970, con tàu thám hiểm mặt Russian unmanned lunar rover, landed trăng không người lái của Nga mang tên on the Moon. Lunokhod 1 đặt chân trên mặt trăng. Quantifier Most arcs welding is currently done Hầu hết quá trình hàn hồ quang hiện nay được NPs manually. thực hiện thủ công. ‘s Two events during the summer (in the Hai sự kiện trong mùa hè 1985 tại Bắc bán cầu possessive northern hemisphere) of 1985 increased thu hút sự chú ý của công chúng đối với các NPs the public’s awareness of undersea ứng dụng của robot dưới biển. applications of robotics.

2. Data analysis: Simple NPs Ø Demonstrative NPs: Literal + Omission No 1 2 3 Demonstrative NPs Translation At this stage of their development, Trong giai đoạn này, robot được dùng để robots are used to perform manual thực hiện một cách tự động các nhiệm vụ procedures automatically. vốn thao tác bằng tay. All these systems are experiment all Các hệ thống này được thử nghiệm ở tất cả stages, but they have each các giai đoạn nhưng chúng đã chứng minh demonstrated their potential. được lĩnh vực tiềm năng riêng của mình. Because of this, through-the-arc Chính vì lý do này, cảm biến thông qua hồ sensing does not work well with thin- quang sẽ không hoạt động tốt với những wall seams, such as those in sheet đường hàn có bờ mỏng như (những đường metal constructions. hàn có bờ mỏng) trong kết cấu kim loại tấm.

2. Data analysis: Simple NPs Ø Adjective(s) + N(s): Transposition No Semantic Noun Phrases Analysis Target language relation 1 Properties - Hazardous job - Job which has the property - Nghề nguy hiểm of hazard 2 Degree - High demand - Demand with high degree - Yêu cầu cao 3 Manner - Fixed spot - The spot is fixed - Điểm cố định 4 Order - Final product - Product at final order - Sản phẩm cuối cùng 5 Standard Accurate fixing Fixing has to be accurate - Cố định chính xác 6 Time Recent research Research in recent time Nghiên cứu gần đây 7 Structure - Short welds - Welds with short structure - Những mối hàn ngắn

2. Data analysis: Simple NPs Ø Adjective(s) + N(s) ü Both transposition and paraphrasing: Poor mechanical reliability - Kém bền cơ học

2. Data analysis: Complex NPs Ø "Of" genitive: Literal Two types: “of” genitive NPs and NPs with relative clause No English version 1 This application has led to the Vietnamese version Ứng dụng này đã dẫn tới sự phát development of ‘elephant trunk’ arms triển của những cánh tay “vòi voi” for greater flexibility. trong những trường hợp phức tạp hơn. 2 In the gas-metal arc welding (GMAW) Trong quá trình hàn hồ quang kim process, the volume of the molten loại trong môi trường khí (GMAW), material in the weld bead is thể tích của vật liệu nóng chảy trong proportional to the heat input. dây hàn tỉ lệ với đầu vào nhiệt.

2. Data analysis: Complex NPs Ø "Of" genitive ü Omission No English version 1 Owning to the inhalation of fumes, spray painting has always been a Vietnamese version Bên cạnh đó, do phải hít khói nên phun sơn luôn là một công việc nguy hiểm. hazardous job. 2 And hence cutting the cost of welding, Qua đó cắt giảm chi phí hàn và nâng while improving the quality. 3 A series of preprogrammed activities cao chất lượng. Một loạt các chương trình được lập trình sẵn

2. Data analysis: Complex NPs Ø "Of" genitive ü Paraphrasing No 1 English version The automation of Vietnamese version Tự động hóa đối với xử lý nhiếp ảnh photographic processing 2 A crew of five Một phi hành đoàn gồm năm người

2. Data analysis: Complex NPs Ø NPs with relative clause ü Word-for-word English version Vietnamese version This eliminates the transport delay Điều này loại bỏ sự trì trệ vận chuyển between sensing and control, giữa việc cảm ứng và điều khiển, điều enabling real-time response to any này cho phép phản hồi thời gian thực changes in the weld environment tới bất cứ sự thay đổi nào trong môi which affect the weld parameters. trường hàn mà ảnh hưởng đến những thông số hàn.

2. Data analysis: Complex NPs Ø NPs with relative clause ü Omission Relative NPs Translation The hazards that have to be Cấp độ nguy hiểm (cần tránh) avoided increase in difficulty as càng tăng lên theo cấp độ khó the game progress, requiring mà người chơi đạt được increasingly designs. complex logic trong game thì đòi hỏi thiết kế logic càng phức tạp.

2. Data analysis: Complex NPs Ø NPs with relative clause ü Paraphrasing English version Explanation Vietnamese version The idea of a robot Robot trồng ngô planting corn or which plants corn or hay lái xe chỉ là ý riding the range is rides the range is tưởng khoa học science fiction. viển vông

3. Findings • Wider application of semantic than communicative • Essential role and effectiveness of semantic method in translating MEMS document • Important and inevitable part of communicative • Borrowed terms’ role to academic quality of translation

v Chapter II: Literature review • Noun phrases • Translation of English NPs into Vietnamese v Chapter III: Study • Introduction of the sample • Data analysis • Findings 31

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