The Tropospheric Ozone Assessment Report A communitywide effort

The Tropospheric Ozone Assessment Report: A community-wide effort to quantify tropospheric ozone in a rapidly changing world Owen Cooper CIRES, U. of Colorado/NOAA Earth System Research Lab. , Boulder owen. r. cooper@noaa. gov TEMPO Science Team Meeting, Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics Cambridge, Massachusetts, May 31, 2017

Tropospheric Ozone Assessment Report (TOAR) Global metrics for climate change, human health and crop/ecosystem research Mission: To provide the research community with an up‐to‐date scientific assessment of tropospheric ozone’s global distribution and trends from the surface to the tropopause. Deliverables: 1) The first tropospheric ozone assessment report based on all available surface ozone observations, the peer‐reviewed literature and new analyses. 2) A database containing ozone exposure and dose metrics at thousands of measurement sites around the world, freely accessible for research on the global‐scale impact of ozone on climate, human health and crop/ecosystem productivity. http: //www. igacproject. org/activities/TOAR Stakeholders:

TOAR members: 220+ scientists from 36 nations, representing research on all 7 continents

TOAR Organization TOAR is a science effort initiated by IGAC, and developed by an international team of experts. TOAR receives financial and logistical support from: ‐ IGAC ‐ Forschungszentrum Jülich ‐ The World Meteorological Organization ‐ US National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) Coordinated by an eleven-member Steering Committee, with appointments lasting the duration of the activity, 2014 -2017 (no rotation).

TOAR work-flow diagram The assessment report will be published as a series of 8 stand-alone peer-reviewed papers ‐ Elementa: Science of the Anthropocene – Special Feature ‐ entirely open‐access

TOAR Ozone Metrics The TOAR database contains various ozone metrics at thousands of surface sites around the world. Some key metrics are: Human Health: - Maximum daily 8‐hour average ‐ annual number of 8‐hour exceedances above 70 ppb Vegetation: - Cumulative Exposure Index: W 126 - Cumulative Exposure Index: AOT 40 Climate Change: - Monthly means, medians and various percentiles - Monthly and seasonal mean vertical profiles: ozonesondes, lidar, MOZAIC/IAGOS commercial aircraft ‐ tropospheric ozone burden or columns OMI/MLS, OMI, GOME, IASI, ground‐based FTIR instruments

TOAR is made possible by many colleagues who contributed ozone observations to the TOAR database. Regional Working Group Leaders: Hiroshi Tanimotod, Yasin Elshorbanye, Irina Petropavlovskikhf, Rodrigo Seguelg, Ian Galballyh, Erika von Schneidemesseri, Database curators and/or network PIs: Nick Mangusj, Peter Christian Kjeldk, NN (CAPMon)l, Gary Learm, Keiicho Saton, Paul Eckhardto, Markus Fiebigo, Anne‐Gunn Hjellbrekkeo, Hiroshi Koidep, Mikio Uenop, David Tarasick (NAPS)q, Ute Dauertr, Stefan Feigenspahnr, Markus Wallaschr, You‐Deog Hongs Contributors of major dataset collections: Meehye Leet, Robert Gilletth, Suzie Molloyh, Levana Kordova‐Biezuneru, Raeesa Moollav, Yvonne Scorgiew, David Wainwrightx, Arthur Griecoy, Kelvyn Steerz, David Power+a, Carolyn Jordan+b, Mary Naderi+c, Maria Helena R. B. Martins+d, Paulo Artaxo+e, Lin Weili+f, Ma Zhiqiang+f, Xu Xiaobin+f, Darrel Baumgardner+g, Ulas Im+h, Ming‐ Tung Chuang+i, Tao Wang+j Contributors of individual datasets: Dr Paul Torre 1, Hadar Almog 2, Jose Adame 3, M. Navarro‐Comas 3, Margarita Yela 3, Luciana Rizzo 4, Stephen R. Springston 5, David Parrishf, Likun Xue+j, Aijun Ding 6, Valerie Gros 7, Gerard Ancellet 8, Francois Gheusi 9, Manish Naja 10, Vinayak Sinha 11, Shyam Lal 12, Pallavi Saxena 13, Harish Gadhavi 14, Ninong Komala 15, Eka Suharguniyawan 16, Samera Hamad 17, Shanju Xie 18, Detlev Helmig 19, Jacques Hueber 19, Claudio Mazzoleni 19, Lynn Mazzoleni 19, Irina Senik 20, Alexej I. Skorokhod 20, Jim Schwab 21, Audra Mc. Clure‐Begley 22, Dan Jaffe 23 GAW instrument PIs: Ivo E. Kalapov 24, Dagmar Kubistin 25, Brigitte Buchmann 26, Martin Steinbacher 26, Paolo Bonasoni 27, Rolf Weller 28, Haeyoung Lee 29, Maria E. Barlasina 30, Limseok Chang 31, Seung‐Yeon Kim 31, Andrea Lanza 32, Diamantino Henriques 33, Florin Nicodim 34, Gerard Spain 35, Hamza Mohamed Hamza 36, Hans Berkhout 37, J. M. Saenz 38, Mike Shaw 39, Thomas Trickl 40, Marina Frolova 41, Marijana Murovec 42, Marina Fröhlich 43, Maznorizan Mohamad 44, Anna Degorska 45, Irina Brouskina 46, Sylvia Nichol 47, Ove d National Institute for Environmental Studies, Tsukuba, Japan e NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD, USA f NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory, Boulder, USA g Air Quality Unit, National Center for the Environment, Santiago, Chile h CSIRO, Oceans and Atmosphere, Aspendale, Australia i Institute for Advanced Sustainability Studies, Potsdam, Germany j Office of Air and Radiation (OAR) ‐ OAQPS, U. S. EPA k European Environment Agency, Copenhagen, Denmark l NN ‐ CAPMon m Office of Air and Radiation (OAR) ‐ OAQPS, U. S. EPA n Asia Center for Air Pollution Research (ACAP), Niigata City, Japan o Norwegian Institute for Air Research (NILU), Kjeller, Norway p Japan Meteorological Agency, Tokyo, Japan q Air Quality Research Division, Environment Canada, Toronto, Canada r Umweltbundesamt, Dessau, Germany s Air Quality Research Division, National Institute of Env. Research, Incheon, South Korea t Dept. of Earth & Environmental Sciences, Korea University, Sungbuk‐gu, Seoul, South Korea u Ministry of Environmental Protection, Jerusalem, Israel v University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa w Office of Environment and Heritage, NSW, Australia x Department of Science Information Technology and Innovation, Australia y Department of Environment Regulation, WA, Australia z South Australia Environment Protection Authority, SA, Australia +a Environment Protection Authority, ACT, Australia +b University of New Hampshire, Durham, NH, USA +c Air Quality Control Company, Tehran, Iran +d Companhia de Tecnologia de Saneamento Ambiental do Estado de Sao Paulo, Brazil +e Laboratorio de Fisica Atmosferica da Universidade de Sao Paulo, Brazil +f Inst. of Atmos. Composition, Chinese Academy of Met. Sciences, China Met. Admin. , Beijing +g Red Automática de Monitoreo Atmosférico, Mexico City, Mexico +h Istanbul Technical University, Department of Meteorology, Istanbul, Turkey +i Taiwan Environmental Protection Agency, Taipei City, Taiwan +j Shandong University, Hong Kong Polytechnic University

TOAR is made possible by many colleagues who contributed ozone observations to the TOAR database. 1 Environment Protection Authority, Victoria, Australia 2 Israel Electric Corporation, ***, Israel 3 Instituto Nacional de Tecnica Aeroespacial, Madrid, Spain 4 Laboratorio de Clima e Poluição do Ar da U. Federal de Sao Paulo, Brazil 5 Atmospheric Radiation Measurement Climate Research Facility – D. of Energy 6 Institute for Climate and Global Change Research, Nanjing University, China 7, 8, 9 Laboratoire d’Aérologie, National Centre for Scientific Research, Toulouse 10 Aryabhatta Research Institute of Observational Sciences, Nainital, India 11 Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Mohali, India 12 Physical Res. Lab. and Aryabhhata Res. Inst. of Observational Sciences, India 13 Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India 14 National Atmospheric Research Laboratory, Gadanki 15 National Institute of Aeronautics and Space 16 The Indonesian Agency for Meteorological Climatological and Geophysics, 17 School of Public Health, University of Maryland‐College Park 18 Auckland Council, Auckland, New Zealand 19 Institute of Arctic and Alpine Research, University of Colorado/Michigan Tech. 20 A. M. Oboukhov Inst. of Atmos. Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Russia 21 Atmospheric Science Research Center, University of Albany, USA 22 Global Monitoring Division, NOAA ESRL, Boulder, USA 23 University of Washington, Seattle, USA 24 Institute for Nuclear Research and Nuclear Energy, Bulgaria 25 Meteorological Observatory Hohenpeissenberg, German Meteorological Service 26 Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Testing and Research, Dübendorf 27 National Research Council, Institute of Atmospheric Sciences and Climate, Italy 28 Alfred Wegener Institute and Deutscher Wetterdienst, Bremerhaven, Germany 29 Korea Meteorology Administration, Seoul, Korea 30 National Weather Service, Argentina 31 Air Quality Research Division, National Institute of Env. Research, South Korea 32 Ricerca sul Sistema Energetico, Italy 33 Instituto de Meteorologia, Portugal 34 National Meteorological Administration, Romania 35 National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland 36 Egyptian Meteorological Authority, Cairo, Egypt 37 National Institute of Public Health and the Environment, The Netherlands 38 Meteorological State Agency of Spain, Madrid, Spain 39 Environment Canada, Met. Service of Canada, Air Quality Research Branch 40 Institute of Met. and Climate Research, Garmisch‐Partenkirchen, Germany 41 Environment Geology and Meteorology Centre, Latvia 42 Slovenian Environment Agency, Sloveina 43 Federal Environment Agency, Austria 44 Malaysian Meteorological Department, Malaysia 45 Institute of Environmental Protection, Poland 46 Federal Service for Hydrometeorology and Environmental Monitoring, Russia 47 National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research Ltd. , New Zealand 48 Norwegian Institute for Air Research, Kjeller, Norway 49 Eskdalemuir 50 Finnish Meteorological Institute, Helsinki, Finland

TOAR Database TOAR has built the world’s largest database of ozone metrics. Ozone observations from over 9000 monitoring sites in dozens of countries

Jülich Open Web Interface (JOIN) For accessing, analyzing and visualizing atmospheric composition data Developed by Institute for Energy and Climate Research, Forschungszentrum Jülich: Martin Schultz Snehal Waychal Sabine Schröder Olga Lyapina Michael Decker

TOAR database analysis: Present-day: average conditions over 2010‐ 2014, approximately 4800 sites world wide Trends: focusing on the 15‐year period of 2000‐ 2014, approximately 2600 sites world wide Subsets of sites were designated as urban or rural using an objective classification algorithm based on: NOAA nighttime lights of the world, 1 km resolution Columbia U. CIESIN global population, 5 km resolution OMI tropospheric column NO 2, provided by Environment Canada, 10 km resolution The following slides display average ozone observations from the database for the present day period (2010‐ 2014) as well as linear trends for the period 2000‐ 2014. The analysis focuses on the summertime period of April‐September in the Northern Hemisphere and October‐March in the Southern Hemisphere.

A vector indicates the linear trend at a station for the period 2000 -2014. Warm colors indicate increasing ozone while cool colors indicate decreasing ozone. The legend shows the p‐Values on the linear trends associated with each vector, as indicated by the shading. Statistically significant trends at the 95% confidence interval are shown on top in dark red and dark blue. Medium orange and blue provide an indication of a trend. Light orange and blue provide a weak indication of change. Green indicates weak or no change.

TOAR-Climate Tropospheric Ozone Assessment Report: Present-day distribution and trends of tropospheric ozone relevant to climate and global chemistry model evaluation A. Gaudel, O. R. Cooper, G. Ancellet, B. Barret, C. Clerbaux, P. ‐F. Coheur, J. Cuesta, E. Cuevas, S. Doniki, G. Dufour, F. Ebojie, G. Foret, M. J. Granados Muñoz, B. Hassler, G. Huang, D. Hurtmans, D. Jaffe, P. Kalabokas, S. Kulawik, B. Latter, T. Leblanc, E. Le Flochmoën, W. Lin, J. Liu, X. Liu, A. Mc. Clure‐Begley, J. Neu, M. Osman, H. Petetin, I. Petropavlovskikh, N. Rahpoe, A. Rozanov, M. Schultz, J. Schwab, M. Steinbacher, H. Tanimoto, D. Tarasick, V. Thouret, A. Thompson, T. Trickl, C. Wespes, H. Worden, C. Vigouroux, X. Xu, J. Ziemke

TOAR-Climate Tropospheric Ozone Assessment Report: Present-day distribution and trends of tropospheric ozone relevant to climate and global chemistry model evaluation A. Gaudel and O. R. Cooper, CIRES, University of Colorado, Boulder / NOAA ESRL B. Barret and E. Le Flochmoën, CNRS and Université de Toulouse, France C. Clerbaux, LATMOS/IPSL, UPMC Univ. Paris 06 Sorbonne Universités, CNRS, Paris, France G. Huang and X. Liu, Harvard‐Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics, Cambridge, USA B. Latter, B. Kerridge and R. Siddans, Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Oxfordshire, UK J. Liu, Department of Geography and Planning, University of Toronto, Canada J. Neu, Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California, USA N. Rahpoe and A. Rozanov, University of Bremen, Germany D. Tarasick, Experimental Studies Research Division, MSC/Environment Canada, Downsview C. Wespes, P. -F. Coheur and D. Hurtmans, Spectroscopie de l’Atmosphère, Service de Chimie Quantique et Photophysique, Université Libre de Bruxelles (U. L. B. ), Brussels, Belgium H. Worden, National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, Colorado, USA J. Ziemke, Morgan State University, Baltimore, Maryland / NASA Goddard

Previously, tropospheric column ozone satellite products had been limited to TOR and OMI/MLS TOR tropospheric column ozone June-July-August, 1979 -1983 (data courtesy of Jack Fishman, St. Louis University) OMI/MLS tropospheric column ozone July-August, 2012 -2016

First multi-instrument comparison of tropospheric column ozone

20 years of free tropospheric ozone observations above western North America during April-May (O. Cooper, U. of Colorado/NOAA, Boulder) 95% 67% 50% 33% 5% 19 -yr change in O 3: +5. 9 +/- 4. 0 (10 %) Lin et al. (2015), Revisiting the evidence of increasing springtime ozone mixing ratios in the free troposphere over western North America, Geophys. Res. Lett. , 42, doi: 10. 1002/2015 GL 065311 23

Next steps: 1) Finish the papers and submit them to Elementa by August 2017 2) Release the database of ozone metrics to the general public in mid‐ 2017 3) Encourage human health, ecosystem and climate researchers to utilize the database for their impact studies. 4) Late 2018, pending IGAC Scientific Steering Committee approval, begin development of TOAR‐II