The Industrial Revolution 1 What causes revolution 2

The Industrial Revolution 1. What causes revolution? 2. How are these revolutions similar / different?

Important Vocabulary • Capital • Entrepreneur • Industrial Capitalism • Assembly line • Mass Production • Proletariat

Industrial Revolution • The movement and transition to new manufacturing processes that had a large impact on human life. (1780’s – 1840’s) • Two Phases – First – Mostly in Britain, agricultural, manufacturing, steam power – Second- Spread to Western Europe, U. S. , mass production and reactions

Agricultural Developments • Crops spread around the world • New machines decrease labor demand • People move off the land into cities

Water Powered Mill

Steamship and Locomotive

Cottage Industry vs. Assembly Line • Interchangeable Parts • Increased Production • Lower Prices

Population Growth / Urbanization • From 1750 -1850 population in Europe doubled. • Most large cities doubled in size in Europe • Rapid growth of cities led to pitiful living conditions. • Increased Pollution

New Social Classes • Working class: – 12 -16 hour workdays, 6 days a week. – Little employment security and no minimum wage. – Unhealthy working conditions: Coal mines / Cotton mills.

Women and Children • Women and children made up 2/3 of cotton mill workers. • Factory act of 1833 limited children working in factories. • However, most children’s childhood didn’t last past age 9 or 10 when they started work. • Women were mostly relegated to low skill work and marriage was only option.

More Vocabulary • • Socialism Nationalism (pg. 167) Romanticism Realism Natural selection Social Darwinism Suffrage

Free Market Capitalism • Adam Smith – Wealth of Nations 1776 • Definition of 'Free Market' A market economy based on supply and demand with little or no government control.

Supply and Demand Curve

Socialism / Communism • Karl Marx – The Communist Manifesto (1848) • Exploitation of workers causes unrest and revolution • Advocates government ownership of “Means of Production” • Socialism • Unions

Nationalism • Prior to this, people identified more with local, tribal, ethnic groups. • Often times started as a result of conflict and opposition to another nation state. • A nation requires borders, sovereignty, government and a population. • Occurring all around the world in different ways for different reasons.

Dark Side of Nationalism

Nationalism • • • Italy Germany Austria Russia United States (Mr. Stuenkel) Latin America (Mr. Stuenkel)

Nationalism in U. S. • Slavery was divisive issue. – 1 million in 1800 – 4 million in 1860 • Civil war to decide slavery and federalism • United States remain united, see themselves as one country.

Nationalism in Latin America • One example • Jose de San Martin of Argentina • Fought against Spain and won independence • Monroe Doctrine (Warned against European interference in Western Hemisphere)

Public Education • Prior to Industrial Revolution, only for wealthy • Need for highly trained and skilled workers • Political need for educated citizens to participate in democracy / nationalism

Romanticism • An artistic and literary movement based on extreme emotion. • A reaction to the enlightenment and industrial revolution’s reason and calculation • Edgar Allen Poe’s dark literary work. Ex: Tell Tale Heart

Eugene Delacroix • Famous Romantic Artist • Focus on exotic subject matter and extreme color • Battle of Poitiers 1830

Realism • A belief that the world should be viewed realistically (after 1850) • Sought to show realities of life for lower classes • Courbet said, “I have never seen angels nor goddesses, so I am not interested in painting them. ”

Jean-François Millet, The Gleaners, 1857

Modernism • Complete rebellion by artists against beliefs about art • Cameras invented to depict things realistically • Art should function for it’s own sake • Impressionism / Abstract

Van Gogh – Starry Night 1889

Impressionism Monet –Woman with a Parasol - 1875

Cubism – Picasso – Portrait of a Young Girl 1938

Social Reactions to Industrialization • Feminism- the movement for women’s rights – Wanted suffrage for women – 1920 in America (19 th Amendment) – Clara Barton (women’s role in medicine) • Freud and Psychoanalysis- human behavior was strongly determined by past experiences – Trace repressed thoughts all the way to childhood • Social Darwinism-natural selection = the survival of the fittest – Used as a theoretical basis for racism

Industrialization and Imperialism New technology = new weapons Industrial countries can force their will Factories need more raw materials Countries need to sell goods to foreign markets • Early industrial countries are… • • – Britain, France, Belgium, Germany, U. S. , Japan – Colonial regions = SE Asia, Africa, India, Middle East, Mexico

Imperialism in Africa • New Resources Found in South Africa – Diamonds and Gold • Dutch and British fight for control of the region • British win the conflict • South Africa becomes a crown colony • Native groups are kept disenfranchised • Apartheid until 1990’s

Traditional Ethnic Homelands in Africa

Nationalism in Mexico • Porfirio Diaz ruled Mexico from 1877 -1911 supported by wealthy elites and Catholic Church • 95% of rural peasants owned no land • Emiliano Zapata led a peasants revolt • New Constitution in 1917 with male suffrage and land reform

Colonialism in India • British East India Company controls British trade in India • By the early 1800’s the British had conquered most of the Indian sub-continent • The Sepoy (Great) Rebellion – Sepoys = Indian mercenary soldiers – Beef and pork fat cartridge grease • • • 2 years of unrest After the rebellion was put down many believed Britain should rule India directly India was made a crown colony in 1877 Gandhi (Father of non-violent resistance)