The High Middle Ages 1050 1450 Growth of

+ The High Middle Ages (1050 -1450)

+ Growth of Royal Power in England France n What are monarchs? n Monarchs struggled to exert royal authority over nobles and churchmen n Nation-state- regions that share a government that are independent of other states. n Each nation developed differently, a monarch’s success in establishing power could have consequences for centuries.

+ Monarchs and Power n Monarchs in the Middle Ages stood at the head of society but had limited power. n Who had more power than the monarchs? n Nobles and church had their own courts, collected their own taxes, and had their own armies.

+ Monarchs and Power n From 1000 -1300 monarchs began to expand their power. n Monarchs set up their own royal justice system, bureaucracy, tax system and army. n What is a bureaucracy? n Monarchs had ties with townspeople (middle class) and the townspeople supported the monarch. What does this remind you of?

+ n Why did monarchs try to centralize their power?

+ Strong Monarchs in England n Middle Ages- Angles, Saxons, and Vikings who invaded and settled in England. n How was feudalism different in England? n The Norman Conquest: n n n In 1066 the Anglo-Saxon king Edward died without an heir. Council chose Edward’s brother-inlaw Harold to rule. William, Duke of Normandy (France) was a Viking and claimed the English throne. William was supposedly promised the throne. Harold and William rival over who can claim England.

+ n What is the significance of the Battle of Hastings in 1066? n Why does William win? n William becomes known as William the Conqueror. n For 300 years after 1066 there was a blending of Norman French and Anglo-Saxon customs, languages, and traditions.

+ William the Conqueror n How does the new king of England try to centralize his control? n 1. He monitored who built castles where n 2. Domesday book- like a census n 3. Tax collection n 4. Required every vassal to swear first allegiance to him rather than their lord n 5. Granted fiefs to the Church and to his Norman lords

+ Evolution of Law and Parliament n Henry II-1154 n What did Henry do that continued to format law while still centralizing his power? n 1. Accepted customs into law n 2. Had traveling justices to enforce laws n 3. Common law- English legal system n 4. Developed a jury system

+ Conflict with Henry II and RCC n What problems emerged between Henry and the RCC? n Dispute over legal authority n Henry claimed the right to try clergy in royal courts n Thomas Becket- archbishop of Canterbury- opposed Henry n What happened to the archbishop of Canterbury? n 1170 - Murdered Thomas Becket

+ King John n King John was Henry II’s son n King John faced 3 powerful enemies: King Philip II of France, Pope Innocent III and his own English nobles. n How did he deal with each one? n n King John lost a war with Phillip II and had to give up land (Anjou and Normandy) King john battled with Innocent III on selecting a new archbishop. Pope excommunicated John. n Innocent also placed England under interdictwhole kingdom was forbade from Church services n King John and nobles- 1215 - had to sign Magna Carta. State nobles had certain rights and that the monarch must obey the law.

+ The Magna Carta n An English document where the king affirmed a long list of feudal rights. n Protected freemen from arbitrary arrests, imprisonment, and other legal actions. n Formed todays due process of law. n What is the significance of this document? n It asserted that the nobles had certain rights that would eventually be given to all English citizens. n It was clear that the monarch must obey the law.

+ Development of Parliament n During the 1200’s the Great Council evolved into Parliament n Helped to unify England- How is this possible? n The assembly of nobles, clergy, eventually middle class and the “commons” became known as the Model Parliament n In time became two house body n House of Lords and House of Commons n This was so Parliament could “check” the power of the king.

+ Monarchs in France n Successors of Charlemagne had little power over the territories ruled by the great feudal nobles. n Did not rule over a unified kingdom. n 987 - Hugh Capet of the Capetians took the throne n Built an effective bureaucracy n Collected taxes and imposed royal law over king’s lands n Gained backing of the new middle class

+ Philip Augustus n Phillip II n How did he centralize control during his reign? n Paid middle-class officials who would owe their loyalty to him n Granted many new towns a charter n New national tax.

+ Louis IX: King and Saint n Ideal of the perfect medieval monarch n Generous, noble, and devoted to justice and chivalry n How did he try to centralize power? n Expanded royal courts n Outlawed private wars n Ended serfdom

+ Philip IV: Clash with the Pope n Ruthlessly extended royal power n Tried to collect new taxes from the clergy n Clashed with Pope Boniface VIII n Avignon Papacy: n French pope elected and moved the papacy to Avignon France to ensure French kings can control religion within their own regions.

+ Successful Monarchs in France n What is the Estates General? n Legislative body made up of representative of the three estate in prerevolutionary France n Why was it set up? n How is it similar and different to England’s parliament?