THE HIGH MIDDLE AGES 1050 1450 A D

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THE HIGH MIDDLE AGES 1050 -1450 A. D. • Growth of Royal Power in

THE HIGH MIDDLE AGES 1050 -1450 A. D. • Growth of Royal Power in England • Growth of Royal Power in France • The Holy Roman Empire and the Church • The Hundred Years War

Europe 14 th Century

Europe 14 th Century

Monarchs, Nobles, and the Church Interpret the Passage: “King Stephen…. seized …. . Alexander,

Monarchs, Nobles, and the Church Interpret the Passage: “King Stephen…. seized …. . Alexander, Bishop of Lincoln, and Roger, the chancellor, his nephew, and he kept them all in prison…. . They had done homage to him, and sworn oaths, but they…. broke. Their allegiance, for every rich man built castles, and defended them against him. ” - Anglo-Saxon Chronicle During feudal times, monarchs in Europe stood at the head of society but had limited power. Nobles and the Church had as much—or more—power than the monarchs. In order to expand their power, monarchs • set up royal courts • organized government bureaucracies • developed systems of taxation • built standing armies • strengthened ties with the middle class In this way, little by little over many centuries, these monarchs built the framework for modern-day nation states.

Growth of Royal Power in England Evolution of English Government 1066 Norman Conquest =

Growth of Royal Power in England Evolution of English Government 1066 Norman Conquest = William of Normandy defeats Anglo. Saxons at Hastings. 1086 Domesday Book = William I uses this survey as a basis for taxation. 1160 s– 1180 s Common Law = Henry II lays foundation for English legal system. 1215 Magna Carta = John signs this document limiting royal power and extending rights. 1295 Model Parliament = Edward I summons Parliament, which includes representatives of common people.

The Norman Conquest • 1066 A. D. - King Edward died without a male

The Norman Conquest • 1066 A. D. - King Edward died without a male heir • Council of Nobles chose Edward’s brother-in-law Harold • Duke William of Normandy- Tough, ruthless descendant of Vikings, claimed throne as well • William raised an army, received backing from Pope • William defeated Harold at Battle of Hastings, 1066 A. D.

Growth of Royal Power in England(Cont. ) • William kept strong grasp on power:

Growth of Royal Power in England(Cont. ) • William kept strong grasp on power: a. Granted Fiefs to loyal lords and the Church b. Kept large tracts of land for himself c. Monitored who built castles and where d. Required every vassal to swear allegiance to him, and not their feudal lord

Growth of Royal Power in England (Cont. ) • 1086 A. D. - William

Growth of Royal Power in England (Cont. ) • 1086 A. D. - William ordered a complete census- official count or survey of a population • The Doomsday Book- listed every castle, field, pigpen in England • A thorough survey of his country, as if nothing could escape it, like God’s last judgment. • Helped later monarchs build an efficient tax collection system • Royal Exchequer- Treasury was established to collect tax

Growth of Royal Power in England (Cont. ) • 1154 A. D. King Henry

Growth of Royal Power in England (Cont. ) • 1154 A. D. King Henry II- broadened royal system of justice • English Common Law- a legal system based on custom and court rulings applied to all of England • Competed and eventually beat out the courts of Nobles and the church • Under Henry II, England accepted and developed early for of the Jury System- Group of men sworn to speak the truth.

Growth of Royal Power in England (Cont. ) Henry’s Conflict with the Church: •

Growth of Royal Power in England (Cont. ) Henry’s Conflict with the Church: • Henry claimed the right to try clergy in his court • Thomas Becket- Archbishop of Canterbury opposed the king • 1170 A. D. -knights murder Becket in his cathedral • Henry eases attempt to regulate the clergy • Becket is honored as a martyr and cathedral becomes pilgrimage site

Evolving Traditions. King John and the Magna Carta • Future rulers battled with nobles

Evolving Traditions. King John and the Magna Carta • Future rulers battled with nobles over the monarch’s right to raise taxes • Led to dispute between rights of the ruler vs traditional feudal rights of the lords

Evolving Traditions. King John and the Magna Carta • King John was- clever, greedy,

Evolving Traditions. King John and the Magna Carta • King John was- clever, greedy, cruel, and untrustworthy • He had three enemies: King Philip II of France, Pope Innocent III, and his own nobles • 1205 A. D. -John lost in battle vast lands held in France • Excommunicated by the Pope - Refused to accept the nominee for Archbishop if Canterbury • Paid yearly fee to the Pope to save himself and his crown

King John and the Magna Carta • 1215 A. D. John forced to sign

King John and the Magna Carta • 1215 A. D. John forced to sign Magna Carta, The Great Charter: a. protected privileges of the nobles b. protected legal rights of townspeople and the clergy c. Prevented every freeman from arbitrary arrest d. King agreed not to raise taxes without consulting council of lords and clergy • Made clear two very important ideas: 1. Nobles had certain rights kings must recognize 2. Monarch MUST obey the law

King John was forced to sign the Magna Carta in 1215 A. D. 1.

King John was forced to sign the Magna Carta in 1215 A. D. 1. We have also granted to all the freemen of our Kingdom, for us and our heirs, forever, all the underwritten liberties, to be enjoyed and held by them and theirs, from us and from our heirs. 14. And also to have the common council of the kingdom, to assess and aid… and for the assessing of taxes, we will cause to be summoned the Archbishops, Bishops, Abbots, Earls, and Great Barons, individually by our letters. And besides, we will cause to be summoned in general by our sheriffs and bailiffs (government officials)… 38. No bailiff [officer of the court] for the future shall, upon his own unsupported complaint, put anyone to his “law, ” without credible witnesses brought for this purposes. 39. No freeman shall be taken or imprisoned. . . or exiled or in any way destroyed, nor will we [the king] go upon him nor send upon him, except by the lawful judgement of his peers or by the law of the land. 40. To no one will we sell, to no one will we refuse or delay, right or justice. Why is the Magna Carta Still Important Today? 1. The right of Due Process originally came from the Magna Carta. It means that a person cannot be arrested or imprisoned without going through a fair legal process. Identify and quote the line in the document that refers to this right. 2. What groups are included in the common council in article 14? What group of people are left out?

Development of Parliament • John signed by rebelled- civil war lasted until 1216 A.

Development of Parliament • John signed by rebelled- civil war lasted until 1216 A. D. when John died of illness • By 1295 A. D. monarchs learned to cooperate with parliament to get approval for their policies • Great Council, Parliament, was formed. French for Parle- “to talk” • Parliament evolved into a two-house body: - House of Lords: Nobles and Clergy - House of Commons: Knights and middle class townspeople

Successful Monarchs of France Question: Who did the French Monarchs have to compete with

Successful Monarchs of France Question: Who did the French Monarchs have to compete with for control of France?

The Capetians • Monarchs in France did not rule over a unified kingdom. However,

The Capetians • Monarchs in France did not rule over a unified kingdom. However, under strong Capetian kings, such as Philip II and Louis IX, they slowly increased royal power. Philip II • Granted charters to new towns • Introduced a standing army • Filled government positions with loyal middle-class officials • Introduced new national tax • Quadrupled land holdings • Conquered Norman territory • Fought Heresy in south of France Capetians • made throne hereditary • added to their lands by playing rival nobles against each other • won the support of the Church • built an effective bureaucracy Louis IX • Checked up on local officials • Expanded royal courts • Outlawed private wars. • Ended serfdom in his lands • Left France an efficient, centralized monarchy

Louis IX- King and Saint John of Joinville, The Life of St. Louis: “The

Louis IX- King and Saint John of Joinville, The Life of St. Louis: “The king daily gave countless generous alms, to the poor religious, to poor hospitals, to poor sick people, to other poor convents, to poor gentlemen and gentlewomen and girls…. and to poor minstrels who from old age or sickness were unable to work” • Deeply religious- generous, noble, and devoted to justice for his Christian subjects • Persecuted heretics, Jews, and launched two wars against Muslims • Reformed justice- expanded royal courts, ended private wars, ended serfdom in his lands • Received enormous prestige, helped create a strong national identity

Philip IV • Grandson of Louis IX • Eager and ruthless to expand his

Philip IV • Grandson of Louis IX • Eager and ruthless to expand his power • Clashed with Pope Boniface VIII over taxing the clergy • Arrested any clergy that disobeyed • Sent troops to seize Boniface. Pope escaped badly beaten and died soon after • Marked beginning of The Avignon Papacy. - The period from 1309 to 1376 during which seven successive popes resided in Avignon (then in the Kingdom of Arles, part of the Holy Roman Empire, now in France) rather than in Rome. - These popes were French and a majority of the college of cardinals

The Estates General • Established by Philip IV to get support for his war

The Estates General • Established by Philip IV to get support for his war with the Pope • Established in 1302 • Representatives from all the estates, or Social Classes to consult the king- The Clergy, the Nobility, and Townspeople • It never gave the Kings subjects the same power as the parliament in England • Royal Power in France remained very powerful until 1789

England 1. Established Bureaucracy 2. Helped increase size of government 1. Royal Power Limited

England 1. Established Bureaucracy 2. Helped increase size of government 1. Royal Power Limited by 3. Kings in both countries Magna Carta- citizens had fought to expand royal lands rights and king had to 4. Battled Nobles and Clergy recognize that for control 2. People had a say in decisions 5. Kings in both countries relied on the middle class through Parliament for support 3. Establishment of Common 6. Established elaborate tax Law Legal system collection system 7. Built standing armies 4. Kings had complicated relationship with the church- Thomas Beckett killed France 1. Royal Power was not limited. 2. People were represented through the Estates General, but it did not limit king’s power 3. Kings waged a Crusade against the Albigensians, 4. Built strong bonds with the Catholic Church and used royal power to help secure religious goals of the church