The Colonial Period 1600 1763 CLASH COMPACT During

The Colonial Period: 1600 - 1763 CLASH & COMPACT • During the colonial period, European settlement continued to increase and African slaves were brought to the U. S. in greater numbers. Some Native American groups made allies of the Europeans for economic reasons. Some fought fiercely against them. Some banded together with free African. Americans and escaped slaves to resist European encroachment on their land.

5 Conflicts • • • Pequot War King Philip’s War Bacon’s Rebellion The Seminole Wars French & Indian War

• Pequot War (1636 – 1638) • Native American groups around New England were devastated by smallpox. The reduction of their population left a power vacuum in the area. Different groups sought to fill the vacuum and control the fur trade. The Pequot were most aggressive and antisettler. • Colonists who also wanted a hand in the fur trade teamed up with Narragansett and Mohegans, traditionally Pequot enemies. • Around 600 Pequots (almost an entire village) were murdered by the Colonists, horrifying the Narragansett and leading them to distrust the English greatly.

King Philip’s War • (1675 – 1678) • Also called “Metacom’s War” • Conflict between the Wampanoag (with Naraggansett allies) and the New England colonists (with their Mohegan allies) • Ignited over issues of Native sovereignty (colonists executed 3 Wampanoags for murder and confiscated the tribe’s guns) • Metacom’s forces had tremendous success the first year; used hit and run tactics to destroy more than half the towns in New England; economic disaster and literal decimation • Colonial alliance finally defeated the Wampanoag/Naraggansett forces • This was the last real Native American threat in New England; many historical scholars see it as the beginning of an exclusively European-American identity on the east coast – a sharp departure from previous colonial partnership and friendship with Native Americans

Bacon’s Rebellion • Over time, the population of Virginia increased and they continued to push westward, encroaching on the Doeg and Susquehannock Native Americans; tensions escalated and violence erupted • Throughout 1675, frontier settlers fought a series of battles against the Native Americans

Bacons Rebellion • The western farmers became upset at the governor of Virginia over lack of help fighting these battles • Nathaniel Bacon • Part of a coalition of wealthy planters in favor of forcibly removing Native American groups from Virginia frontier • Angry at tax increases and Governor Berkeley’s reported corruption and refusal to allow Virginian landowners a stake in the fur trade • Bacon and his followers went to Jamestown to protest. This assembly turned violent and Jamestown was virtually destroyed

Bacons Rebellion • While the rebels did not succeed in driving the Native Americans from Virginia’s frontier, and Berkeley managed to put down the rebellion, it did result in his recall to England the loss of his position – set the precedent that rebellion was a way to get things done in the colonies.

Bacons Rebellion • Virginians of all classes and races rose up against Governor Berkeley, including a huge united force of European and African indentured servants, and African slaves • A similar trend in a Maryland uprising one year later ignited fear among the Southern ruling class that united their bond-servitude, a multi-racial social class could launch further and more successful uprisings – Virginia Slave Codes of 1705 • Permanently divided the interests of white and black people of similar economic backgrounds • Embedded white supremacy into law • https: //www. encyclopediavirginia. org/_An_ act_concerning_Servants_and_Slaves_170

The Seminole Wars (1700 – 1850) • “Seminole” – Creek word for separatist or runaway • Initially an alliance of Southeast Native American tribes formed to resist and fight back against European encroachment • 1693: Slavery is abolished in Spanish Florida and the region became a safe haven for runaway slaves and free African Americans

The Seminole Wars (1700 – 1850) • “Black Seminoles” or “Seminole Freedmen” – Free African Americans and escaped slaves joined the Seminole nation – Most lived in villages separate from the Native Seminoles, but there was frequent intermarriage, interchangeability of culture, and a permanent military alliance – Black Seminoles had their own language (Seminole Creole) and religion (combination of Christian and African traditions) – The combined Seminole nation fought battles against the Spanish forces, and later, the U. S. forces. They were some of the fiercest resisters during the “Trail of Tears” (1832 – 1850) – Between 1812 and 1858, the Seminoles fought three wars and innumerable skirmishes against the U. S. army

The French and Indian War (1754 – 1763) • French and British forces had struggled against each other for decades prior to the outbreak of the war for control of the fur trade and of colonial North America. When tensions exploded, both the British and the French enlisted the help of their Native allies. French: • Algonquin, Ojibwe, Ottawa, Shawnee, Huron British: • Iroquois Confederacy, Mohawk

The Spark • Controversy developed when both the British and French claimed the same area of land: the French built Fort Duquesne on the same area of land that the Virginia government had given to a group of planters. • It was 22 year-old George Washington who ordered the first shots fired upon the French at Fort Duquesne.

The Battle of the Plains of Abraham – the decisive battle • The British troops launched a sneak attack on the city of Quebec and caught the French off guard. • The British captured Quebec and forced the French to surrender. • England gained all the French territories • Reached an agreement with Spain to cede Florida in exchange for the Louisiana territory

• The British government forbade colonists from moving into the Ohio Valley in order to avoid further conflict with the natives: Proclamation of 1763. • They also stationed 10, 000 troops in the area to keep the peace.

• The Native Americans experienced the greatest losses at the end of the war. • Native Americans now had to deal with the British (who were far less compromising than the French had been) and the colonists, who continued to move into the area despite the Proclamation of 1763. • The British also deliberately spread small pox amongst the natives, causing them to decrease in number. • Most native groups in the area, too weakened by disease and war to defend their traditional land claims in the colonial frontier, agreed to sign peace treaties with England by 1766.

• “ When I go to see the English commander and say to him that some of our comrades are dead, instead of bewailing their death, as our French brothers do, he laughs at me and at you. If I ask for anything for our sick, he refuses with the reply that he has no use for us. For all this you can well see that they are seeking our ruin. Therefore, my brothers, we must all swear their destruction and wait no longer. ” Pontiac, Leader of the Ottawa

• While the British won the war, it proved to have been incredibly expensive. Heavily in debt and looking for a way to pay off these debts, England imposed new taxes on the colonies: Sugar Act, Stamp Act. . .