The Cold War Truman Doctrine Marshall Plan NATO

The Cold War Truman Doctrine Marshall Plan NATO and Warsaw The Berlin Blockade Chinese ‘Communist’ Revolution Propaganda Image analysis

The Early Years: Timeline � 1 st January, 1947 – Bizonia formed in Germany � 12 th March, 1947 – ‘Truman Doctrine’ unvailed � 5 th June 1947 – ‘Marshall Plan’ announced � April 1949 – Trizonia formed � 1 st October 1949 – Chinese Communist Revolution announced

A Divided Germany � To prevent future aggression from Germany, post. WW 2, the victorious powers divided Germany according to ‘tribal’ nations.

Rethinking Germany Britain, concerned with small, economically weak nations, did not want to partition Germany � By January 1947, Britain and America joined territories to form ‘Bizonia’ � In April 1949, France also joined, becoming ‘Trizonia’ and later being named ‘The Federal Republic of Germany’ (West Germany) � October 1949, Soviet zone became ‘The German Democratic Republic’ (East Germany) �

Harry Truman took over from Roosevelt after his sudden death in 1945 � Very suspicious of Stalin – ‘pig headed’ � Feb 1946 – Deputy Ambassador George Kennan wrote an influential telegram to the US �

Restricting Communism � Think: If you were a capitalist leader, how would you prevent communism spreading � Think: How did it begin? Why would it thrive? Therefore how would you prevent it?

� Much depends on health and vigour of our own society. World communism is like a malignant parasite which feeds only on diseased tissue. This is point at which domestic and foreign policies meets. . . every courageous and incisive measure to solve internal problems of our own society, to improve self-confidence, discipline, morale and community spirit of our own people, is a diplomatic victory over Moscow. . . We must formulate and put forward for other nations a much more positive and constructive picture of [the] sort of world we would like to see than we have put forward in [the] past. It is not enough to urge people to develop political processes similar to our own. Many foreign peoples, in Europe at least, are tired and frightened by experiences of [the] past and are less interested in abstract freedom than in security. They are seeking guidance rather than responsibilities. We should be better able than [the] Russians to give them this. And unless we do, [the] Russians certainly will. George Kennan

The Truman Doctrine At the present moment in world history, nearly every nation must choose between alternative ways of life. The choice is too often not a free one. One way of life is based upon the will of the majority and is distinguished by free institutions, free elections, freedom of speech and religion. . . The second way of life is based upon terror and oppression, a controlled press and radio, fixed elections and suppression of personal freedoms. I believe that it must be the policy of the United States to support free peoples who are resisting attempted subjugation by armed minorities or outside pressures. I believe that we must assist free peoples to work out their own destinies in their own way. Harry Truman, March 1947

Doctrine in Action � Turkey and Greece the immediate focus � US supported Greece with $US 400 million in aid � Turkey was also supported with $US 100 million � This was the first (of many) instances where the US would bypass the world ‘governing body, ’ the United Nations.

Marshall Plan � The actions in Greece and Turkey were the beginning of the European Recovery Program (ERP); later known as the Marshall Plan � Critical for two reasons › Economic instability would generate political instability and probably give rise to communist revolutions. › US trade depended on a productive, prosperous Europe. � $US 17 BILLION was provided for Europe, according to strict conditions

Outcomes of Marshall Plan � Soviet Containment: reduced likelihood of revolutions � Liberalisation: democracy encouraged to receive funds � Immediate Profit: American exporters thrived � Free trade: Conditions of Plan opened borders and allowed US to infiltrate markets � Propaganda: Made US appear generous and leading the world

What is this image suggesting about the real purpose of the Marshall Plan?

NATO and Warsaw � The “North Atlantic Treaty Organisation” was signed 4 th April, 1949 › Original member states: US, Belgium, Netherlands, Luxembourg, France, UK, Canada, Portugal, Italy, Norway, Denmark & Iceland › West Germany joins 9 th May, 1955 � The Warsaw pact is signed, 14 th May, 1955 › Member states: USSR, East Germany, Czechoslovakia, Bulgaria, Hungrary, Poland, Romania & Albania (all the communist states of central and eastern Europe except Yugoslavia)

“Bloc” Party

The Berlin Blockade � Read chapter 7 of “Analysing Modern History” � Complete the chapter review questions

Communist China Questions: 1. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Complete the “Communist China” reading on the website Who is the sleeping giant and dragon? (2 marks) What is Nationalism and Imperialism? How are these relevant to the Chinese Revolution? (4 marks) What is the CCP and Guomindang and who were their leaders? (4 marks) Describe the conflict between CCP and Guomindang (4 marks) What happened to China as a result of the battle between CCP and Guomindang? (4 marks) What was the impact of China adopting communism for those in the West? (2 marks)

Image analysis � Analyse the following images and record the following: › › What are the main images? What colours are used? Why? Where is it likely to have been produced? Which of the propaganda techniques are being utilised? › What are the messages in the image? Are there any layers to the message (obvious vs. subtle)?

Propaganda � � � � Bandwagon: Pump up the value of 'joining the party'. Card-stacking: Build a highly-biased case for your position. Glittering Generalities: Use power words to evoke emotions. Name-calling: Denigrating opponents. Plain Folks: Making the leader seem ordinary which increases trust and credibility. Testimonial: The testimony of an independent person is seen as more trustworthy. Transfer: Associate the leader with trusted others.

1960 – Book Cover

1960

“This is peace”

“Road to peace”

History is the past? How the past repeats itself. . .

Modern Propaganda: Memes