The Cold War APUSH Chapter 36 The Cold

The Cold War APUSH: Chapter 36: The Cold War Begins

What Is The Cold War? n Intense rivalry between the U. S. & Soviet Union

Essential Question n 1. What were the origins and developments of the cold war?

Origins of The Cold War: 1. Ideological Differences: Communism vs. Capitalism n (economic, political, philosophical disputes) n 2. Competition for global power & Influence n 3. Mutual Distrust n 4. Atomic Weapons – “Arms Race” n

American Presidents – Cold War 1. Harry Truman 1948 -1952 n 2. Dwight D. Eisenhower 1952 -1960 n 3. John F. Kennedy 1960 n

Joseph Stalin (Soviet Union)_

United Nations n n n Charter of United Nations (1945) 1. “maintenance of international peace and security” 2. 5 permanent members U. S. , Soviet Union, Britain, France, China 3. 15 members in total

Origins of Cold War (after WWII) n n n 1. Joseph Stalin (Soviet Union) Established Spheres of Influence In Eastern Europe

Origins of Cold War n 2. Eastern European nations Became Soviet “satellites” (1946 -1948) n 3. Soviets refused to sign plan eliminating atomic weapons

Origins of Cold War n n n 4. Soviets refused to allow free elections in Eastern Europe 5. Stalin hoped to establish “communist block” clear violation of war conference agreements

Winston Churchill : n “An iron curtain has descended across Europe” - 1946

Policy of Containment President Truman interested in “containing communism from spreading” n Possible Soviet domination a threat to U. S. n Truman Doctrine (1947): funding to assist countries in repelling a possible communist take over n

Marshall Plan n A Plan to re-build war torn Western Europe $3 billion over 4 yr period Proposed by: George Marshall, U. S. Secretary of State

Berlin Airlift, 1948 n n n Joseph Stalin Cut off city of Berlin from Western contact Blocked all routes into Berlin with Soviet troops Why? tired of U. S. intrusion in European affairs

Berlin Blockade, 1948

Berlin Airlift, 1948 American planes delivered supplies to city n For 11 months n

Berlin Airlift- American “Candy Bombers” n n American servicemen Flew over Berlin and dropped candy for city’s children

Alliances… n n President Truman joined alliance with W. European countries, Canada, Iceland NATO –North Atlantic treaty organization

Alliances… Stalin’s response: n Warsaw Pact – 1955 n n n Communist Eastern European military alliance Once a member, a nation can NEVER leave!

The Atomic Race Begins n n Superior large scale weapons Soviet Union exploded first A- Bomb 1949 1952 U. S. developed Hydrogen bomb 1, 000 X’s stronger than A-bomb

U. S. Domestic Policy 1. National Security Act (1947)- created the Department of Defense, the National Security Council, and Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) n 2. NSC-68 - secret document discussed Soviet plans for world domination, encouraged U. S. to build up military n

Containment in Asia n n n China “fell” to communism 1949 1950 Mao Tse- Tung and Joseph Stalin signed pact 2 large nations = “communist block”

Korean War n n 1945 Allies divided Korea Border between North & South 38 th Parallel North Korea = communist China and Soviet Union supplied weapons

Korean War n n n N. Korea invaded South Korea, June 1950 U. S. authorized “police action” of military force to liberate South Korea Conflict ended in “stalemate”

Dwight D. Eisenhower n n Became President, 1952 American foreign policy : He would support nations who sought liberation from communism

Eisenhower’s Policies 1. “brinkmanship” – U. S. would push aggressor nation to the “brink “of nuclear war, forcing them to back down n 2. “massive retaliation” – U. S. would release arsenal of nuclear weapons on any threat n

Geneva Convention, 1954 n n French lost colonies in Indochina Geneva Convention agreed to split up territory: Vietnam, Laos, Cambodia Divided Vietnam into communist north, anticommunist south

Eisenhower Doctrine, 1957 n Policy designed to counter Soviet influence in the Middle East by offering military aid to those countries seeking help from resisting Communist aggression

Joseph Stalin died, 1953 n n n Nikita Krushchev took over Soviet Union 1958 demanded removal of westerners from Berlin Eisenhower called meeting…

Tense Times… Soviets discovered American U-2 spy plane n And it was shot down 2 weeks before meeting… n

John F. Kennedy Elected President 1960 n Defeated Richard Nixon n

Berlin Wall n n Soviets began construction, 1961 To prevent East Berliners from escaping to West

President Kennedy n n n Traveled to Berlin, 1963 Did not stop construction Proclaimed support for people in Berlin "Ich bin ein Berliner. "

Castro Communizes Cuba n n Dictator Batista overthrown by Fidel Castro 1959 Established communist state Asked Soviets for Help U. S. cut off diplomatic relations w/ Castro

Bay of Pigs n n n April 1961 U. S. planned Invasion of Cuba Attempt to overthrow Castro Failure Embarrassment to President Kennedy

Cuban Missile Crisis, 1962 n n n Fidel Castro & Khrushchev joined forces U. S. spy plane discovered Building of nuclear missile sites in Cuba

Kennedy Ordered … Removal of missiles n U. S. enacted naval blockade against Cuba n Khrushchev agreed to remove missiles if… n U. S. agreed never to invade Cuba again , and remove their missiles from Turkey n

American Espionage “ Red Scare” n n Fear of spies in the U. S. Julius and Ethel Rosenberg – accused of delivering atomic secrets to Soviets Convicted of treason & espionage 1951 Sentenced to death

Senator Joseph Mc. Carthy 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. . Wanted to uncover & prosecute American Communists Used media to his advantage His accusations mostly false Hearings televised Modern day “witch hunt”

Living in Fear… n n Threat of nuclear war Bomb shelters People purchased canned goods/water “duck and cover” drills in schools

Living In Fear… n n n The National Highway Act 1956 Created interstate freeway system 42, 000 miles of road

Interstate Highways… n Meant to provide : quick evacuation , emergency landing of planes, transport of missiles

Space Race 1. Russian Space Satellite Sputnik launched 1957 n 2. U. S. created National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) 1958 n Congress allocated millions to better prepare students in math, science, foreign languages n

Cause of Cold WAR? View #1: Stalin wanted world domination, U. S. had no choice but to defend democratic, capitalist values. n View #2: Truman adopted an aggressive foreign policy, and sought to create American spheres of influence throughout world n

Chapter 37: The Eisenhower Era 1952 -1960 Popular Culture & American Society in the 1950’s

1950’s Popular Culture

Servicemen’s Re-adjustment Act, 1944 n n n Also known as the “G. I. ” Bill Huge impact on American society & economy in the 1950’s Opportunities for WWII Veterans

G. I. Bill Offered… 1. University education n 2. Vocational Training n 3. Small business loans n 3. Home loans n

Universities Award 2 x’s as many degrees in 1950 as opposed to 1940 n 8 million vets used G. I. funds to attend Colleges &Universities n

1950’s Prosperity Credit Cards: Diner’s Club, American Express, 1958 n Low interest home loans n

Who is the 1950’s The Middle Class? n n n 1. At least some college education 2. Men work – white collar jobs, or blue collar management 3. Own 2 cars 4. Own suburban home 5. Stay at home wife, 2 kids 6. mostly white

“Auto Mania” Cars Facilitate movement n 85% of homes built in 1950’s built in the suburbs. n

Growth of Suburbs Tract homes built en masse in the 1950’s n “Levittowns”emerged (planned communities in suburbs) n n Levitt Construction company- east coast

Growth of Suburbs Average home price 1950’s: n $11, 500 - $14, 500 n

Lakewood, Ca- 1 st Planned Community in L. A. n STEP 1 n STEP 2

st 1 Lakewood, Ca- Planned Community in L. A. n STEP 3 n STEP 4

“White Flight” White, middle class Moved to suburbs n Loans denied to minorities n 60% of Americans owned homes by end of 50’s n

National Highway Act 1956 “Interstate” Highways unified nation n $40 billion n 41, 000 mile construction project n

Popular Culture Along Highways n The emergence of fast food chains, motels, shopping malls

Baby Boom 50 -75 million babies born between 19461964 n “at home” mothers depicted in popular culture n

Women in the 1950’s Middle Class ideal: stay at home mom n Husband earns enough money so wife does not have to work n

Television Culture 9 in 10 homes had T. V. sets by 1960 n Facilitated the spread of “fads” n

1950’s Fads Hula Hoops! Records! n Barbie! n Telephone booth stuffing! n

Rock N’ Roll Term coined by DJ Alan Freed 1951 n Controversial n Society concerned about teenagers n

Rebellious Youth in Film James Dean “Rebel Without a Cause” (1955) n Marlon Brando – “ The Wild One” (1954) n

Disneyland Opened in Anaheim, CA 1955 n Price of admission: $1 n

The Construction of Disneyland… n Does Disneyland represent the social idealism of the 1950’s? ?

Poverty and Urban Blight By 1960, 35 million people lived below poverty line n Inner city deteriorated into slums n Reality of the ignored n

1950’s Reality: 1. Racism, discrimination, segregation n 2. Popular Culture depicts white middle class experience n 3. Poverty, urban blight, inequality n