The Age of Revolution 1750 1850 The Age

The Age of Revolution 1750 -1850 • The Age of Revolution (industrial, political, scientific) • The World in 1750 and the World in 1850 • The Industrial Revolution – Why Britain? – The First Phase (Cotton textiles) – Crisis of the 1830 s – Second Phase (Coal, Iron, Railways) – Industrial Revolution and Society

1450 -1650 Europe Asia Middle East Transformation Econ. Polit. End of feudal relations, Expansion State Ottoman Empire Portug. Dutch in SEA

1450 -1650 -1750 Europe To America Africa, Asia Absolutism Mercantilism Middle East Asia -Ottoman Empire -Persian Empire Ming to Qing Portug, Dutch in SEA Mughal

WORLD ECONOMIES COMPARED 1500 -1775

The Age of Revolution (1750 -1850) • Economy (Industrial Revolution) Individual’s ability to apply scientific thinking to production, and the creation of a society based on modern industry • Politics (American, French Revolutions; Revolutions of 1848) Individual’s right to challenge the old order, and claim his political rights and popular sovereignty • Science (Enlightenment) Individual’s ability to understand control nature.

World in 1750 and in 1850 Second half of the 18 th. c Second half of the 19 th. c • Limited transportation • Rural • Trade and merchants dominate • Natural sources of energy • New methods of transportation • Industry dominates trade and agriculture • Nature harnessed

The Age of Revolution 1750 -1850 • The Age of Revolution (industrial, political, scientific) • The World in 1750 and the World in 1850 • The Industrial Revolution – Why Britain? – The First Phase (Cotton textiles) – Crisis of the 1830 s – Second Phase (Coal, Iron, Railways) – Industrial Revolution and Society

Why Britain? • • Agricultural background Supportive state Expansion of trade (mercantilism) Suitable institutions Suitable infrastructure Overseas victories Cultural environment Seeds of early industries (cotton textiles, coal, iron, railroads)

Stages in the Mechanization of Textile Industry in Britain • Separating the seeds from the fibers – 1793: Eli Whitney’s mechanical gin • Spinning – 1764 Spinning jenny (no mechanical power) – 1775 Richard Arkwright: Water powered spinning machine – 1780 Steam powered mule (finer threads) • Weaving – 1785 Edmund Cartwright (power loom) • Printing and dyeing – 1772 -1780 s pullers

Spinning jenny (1764) Power loom (1785) Water mule (1775) Steam mule (1780) Early factory

Raw Cotton Imports to Britain 1785: 11 m lbs 1850: 588 m lbs Output of Cloth 1785: 40 m yards 1850: 2, 025 m yards Cotton Cloth Imports to India • 1820 11 m yards • 1840 145 m yards

Ceiling fresco in East India Company headquarters by Spiridione Roma

From textiles to coal to iron to railroads • • • Coal as source of heat Coal used to separate iron Railroads built to carry coals Coal used to power locomotives Railroads expanded and became a an area of investment • Railroads increase demand for coal and iron

• Population of Europe 1750: 100 million 1900: 400 million • Population of Britain 1750: 7. 4 million 1850: 20. 6 million • Population of Manchester 1801: 77, 000 1850: 303, 000 • Population Liverpool 1801: 82, 000 1850: 397, 000

Robert Owen’s Ideal Village