The Industrial Revolution 1750 1850 Created by David

The Industrial Revolution 1750 -1850 Created by David Silverman

Industrial Revolution In 1760, a group of new inventors appeared and began to develop factories. This ended the domestic system of production that had been used for manufacturing The railroad changed the way industrialization began to shape the mid-nineteenth century. It altered the way people lived Even though people refer to the Industrial Revolution starting now (it had been going on for centuries) Some historians believe that 'Industrial Revolution' is a dramatic term for such little change.

Great Britain Industrial Lead Great Britain was the first European nation to begin industrialization Possible factors that contributed to England's lead role. . . Political stability created an environment friendly for economic investment (after the Glorious Revolution in 1688) Great Britain permitted a greater degree of religious toleration. For example, the Quakers had no restrictions on economic activity and played a large role in the revolution. Expanding population- 18 th century Great Britain population doubled (death rate lower due to better diet and hygiene The knowledge gained from the Agricultural Revolution of the 18 th century (rotating crops) increased turnips and beet production - for animals to live on during the winter months. Manufacturing industries also changed. Traditional manufacturing (spinning and weaving) would be industrialized through labor-saving devices that improved production.

Great Britain Industrial Lead (continued) More possible factors that contributed to England's lead role. . . The Enclosure Acts of the 18 th/18 th centuries forced small scale farmers into urban areas. This increased efficiency and provided a low-paid workforce for the factories. Increased prosperity of English farms lead to an increase in capital that could be used to invest in new industries. Great Britain also had a central bank (The Bank of England), which encouraged a flow of money in the economy. Overseas trade saw a significant increase in the 18 th century. This provided extra investment capital and GB became the world's largest merchant marine. This is also the height of the Atlantic slave trade (ended 1807) Transportation enhanced this by the proximity to sea and the network of rivers and canals. New roads were built all over GB. Availability of two critical resources for Industrial Rev- coal & iron

Great Britain's lead (manufacturing advances) The first technological advances of the 18 th century were in cotton manufacturing. In 1733, John Kay (1704 -1764) invented the flying shuttle which increased the speed of cloth weavers. Cloth was made so quickly, thread production couldn't keep up. In 1765, James Hargreaves solved this by inventing the spinning jenny (a machine that spun 16 spindles of thread at once) The labor saving devices could be used in factories and homes. Cloth and cotton imports fueled the Industrial Revolution but they came at a cost: colonization and slavery. Richard Arkwright invented the water frame, an apparatus that combined spindles and rollers to create a machine to spin cloth. By 1770, Arkwright employed 200 individuals under one room (known the be the first modern factory) and made a fortune The first factories used steam and were along rivers. The invention of the steam machine made it possible to build factories elsewhere. James Watt (1736 -1819) studied steam pumps and invented the first steam engine. A decade later he invented an engine that turned a wheel.

Great Britain's lead (manufacturing cont) Another factor that increased the pace of industrialization was the smelt iron. Traditionally it was smelted in hot ovens fueled by charcoal but by the 18 th century, England was devoid of forests and lacked charcoal (limiting the production of iron) Abraham Darby (1677 -1717) discovered a way to smelt iron using coal The combination of iron and steam created the most important invention of the Industrial Revolution- the railroad. The 1 st passenger railroad was from Liverpool to Manchester in 1830. By 1850, Britain had tracks for people and goods all over. Soon after, other nations started to follow and industrialize as well Belgium was the first because they also had coal and iron The Germans states had heavy taxes and tariffs making good expensive. So Prussia created the Zollverein (a union the abolished tariffs between German states) France lacked political stability, banks, and population growth- They lagged behind

The Impact of Industrialization- Europe's dramatic changes BEFORE the Industrialization- raw materials were delivered to the homes of peasants and then the finished products were collected and sold by merchants. This was called the putting-out system (or the domestic system) AFTER the Industrialization, cities formed due to manufacturing areas. By mid-century, Great Britain was the first nation to have more people living in cities than in the countryside. It changed family structures because for the first time members would not be working together under one roof Unfortunately these cities had. . . Poor ventilation/sanitation Higher mortality rates Cholera killed tens of thousands because the water supply was shared with animal and human feces Child labor problems- some people thought it was required for families to make enough money to eat. Others thought it perpetuated the bleak existence for the working poor. Great Britain's Sadler Committee exposed that kids were being beaten in factories. So the House of Commons passed the Factory Act (1833) stating kids under 12 could not work more than 9 hours a day and kids under 9 could not work in textile mills.

Working-Class Responses to Industrialization Some workers couldn't transition with the new economic and social problems. Some laborers tried to blame and destroy machinery. Their fictional leader was Ned Lud (the term Luddite is still used for people who refuse to embrace new technology) It created trouble for farmers that didn't embrace technology Workers sought to create cooperative societies- small associations within a trade that would provide services/benefits (funeral, etc) These friendly societies evolved into unions once the ban on them was lifted in 1824. Unions weren't allowed to freely operate in France and Prussia until 1860. GB was the first to have unions that represented more than one industry. Robert Owen (1834) formed what would eventually be the Trade Union Congress, bringing together workers from various work Unions were a critical reason for steady improvement in wages and factory conditions in the 2 nd half of the 19 th century.

Socialism and Karl Marx Some works thought the union fueled improvements weren't enough and they looked to socialism. Socialism roots in Saint-Simon, Robert Owen and Charles Fournier Most significant strand of socialist thought was the 'scientific socialism' offered by Karl Marx (1818 -1883) Marx, born in Germany, was an editor of a newspaper (Rheinische Zeitung) that became 'too radical' for authorities. After his publication was ban, Marx went to Paris- where there was a freer intellectual climate. The French grew tired of him, so he left for London where he lived most of his life. Marx and his colleague Friedrich Engels (1820 -1895) organized a Communist League to link German Socialists living in exile. In 1848, they wrote a pamphlet of basic principles The Communist Manifesto (one of the most influential political tracts in history) The main point (and 1 st line) of the Manifesto is that history has been dominated by the struggle between social classes Also called historical materialism or the material dialectic (in the writings of German philosopher Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel)

Socialism and Karl Marx (continued) Marx thought that capitalism would lead to the creation of a new class, the proletariat (the working class) who would rise against the capitalists exploiting them. He thought this would be violent transition but the workers would be triumphant over the state. Marx is also known for Das Kapital, an enormous written work on capitalism which explains the mechanics by which capitalists profit. Since Marx believed that the working class had to constantly organize and prepare the socialist party, he organized the First International. Marx said it was to "afford a central medium of communication and cooperation" for those organizations who aim was the "protection, advancement, and complete emancipation of the working classes" 1 st International wasn't just for Marxists- it included other trade unionists and anarchists. It dissolved in 1876 from internal conflict Engels organized the Second International, after Marx's death, a loose federation of the world's socialist parties (heavily influenced by Marxism)

References and Resources Industrial Revolution Crash Course References This Power. Point presentation was adapted using information from the Princeton Review’s Cracking The AP European History Exam Pearl, Kenneth. Cracking the AP European History Exam, 2016. New York: Random House, 2015. Print.