The Industrial Revolution Begins 1750 1850 Period of

The Industrial Revolution Begins 1750 -1850 Period of greatly increased output of machine-made goods that began in England during the 18 th century.

Key Questions 1)How did the Industrial Revolution transform traditional ways of life? 2)What roles did capital and technology play in the Industrial Revolution? 3)How did individual contributions shape the industrial age? 4)Why did new social and political philosophies develop during the industrial age?

Dawn of the Industrial Age I. The Industrial Revolution had an impact on every aspect of life in Western Europe and the United States. • Period of greatly increased output of machine-made goods that began in England during the 18 th century.

A. New Inventions and Scientific “Firsts” 1. Anesthetic used during surgery to prevent pain 2. Sewing machine 3. Speed of light measured 4. Antiseptic methods used to reduce infections/deaths in childbirth

B. A New Agricultural Revolution • Last agricultural revolution was 11, 000 years ago

1. Improved Methods of Farming Dutch built dikes to reclaim land from the sea, combined smaller fields together, and used fertilizer from livestock British mixed different types of soils, used crop rotation (nitrate fixers like turnips, clover), and exchanged ideas in farm journals Jethro Tull invented seed drill – deposited seeds in rows

2. Enclosure Movement = process of taking over and fencing off land formerly shared by peasant farmers Farm output and profits rose Villages shrank as small farmers left in search of work

3. The Population Explosion Britain: 5 million (1700); 9 million (1800) Europe: 120 million (1700); 190 million (1800) more food (reduced risk of famine) = more people eating better = healthier women = stronger babies better hygiene, sanitation, and medical care = declining death rates

4. New Technology Iron – used to build machines and railroads; had to be smelted (separated from its ore) at high temps; coal was obvious choice but its impurities damaged the iron; method to remove them led to highquality and less-expensive iron. Thomas Newcomen invented steam engine powered by coal to pump water from mines (1712) James Watt improved on the steam engine for use in factories, train engines and steamboats (1769)

Traction engine

II. Britain Leads the Way • The Industrial Revolution originated in Great Britain • The changes that began in Britain paved the way for modern industrial societies.

A. Why Britain? 1. Resources – large supplies of coal, iron, labor 2. New Technology – demands for new, practical inventions were provided by skilled mechanics 3. Economic Conditions – trade had allowed Britain to prosper; business gained capital (money) and invested in shipping, mines, railroads, and factories (high risk = high rewards); goods become affordable to all classes 4. Political and Social Conditions – stable government, strong navy, religious beliefs in hard work; inventors and bankers (risk-takers) focused on material achievements

A. Changes in the Textile Industry • Old Way - raw cotton spun and woven by peasants; cloth dyed by artisans in towns

1. Major Inventions John Kay invented flying shuttle – sped up weaving process James Hargreaves invented spinning jenny – spun many threads at same time (1764) Richard Arkwright invented waterframe – used water power to increase spinning time

Invention of cotton gin allowed American planters to use profits to buy more land slaves • Slavery becomes an institution in American economy.

1. The First Factories (place in which workers and machines are brought together to produce large quantities of goods) New machines were too large to be operated at home, so manufactures built long sheds to house the machines; operated by spinners and weavers Located near streams (power source)

A. Revolution in Transportation • Increased production led to demand for faster and cheaper methods to transport goods from place to place • James Watt’s steam engine would be modified and become a key power source for Industrial Revolution

1. On Land – railroads eventually crisscross Britain, Europe , and North America by 1870 George Stephenson invented steampowered locomotive First major rail line opened in 1830 from Liverpool to Manchester

2. On Sea – steamboats Robert Fulton invented river steamboat, Clermont, (1807) Fueled a canal-building boom – provided direct routes from factories to markets Steam-powered freighters with iron hulls could cross oceans

Robert Fulton’s Clermont

Industrial Revolution sets off a chain reaction: STILL OBSERVABLE TODAY 1. Increased demand for practical inventions 2. Inventors developed machines that could produce large quantities of goods 3. Supply of goods increased 4. Prices of goods decreased 5. More consumers able to purchase goods 6. Consumers demanded more goods

Important Facts • The Industrial Revolution was the increased output of machine-made goods that began in England during the th 18 century.

Important Facts • Results of the agriculture revolution: – Many small farmers became tenant farmers or moved to cities – Enclosures became landmarks of wealthy landowners – Landowners experimented with new agricultural methods.

Important Facts • Land, labor, and capital were the 3 factors of production required to drive the industrial revolution.

3 Factors of Production • Land • Labor • Capital (wealth)

Section 2 • The factory system changed the way that people lived and worked, introducing a variety of problems • The difficult process of industrialization is being repeated in many less-developed countries today.

Industrialization causes Urbanization • Job seekers came to cities and towns looking for jobs • Country farmers came to cities

Why did industrialization create class tensions?

• Some became very wealthy • Aristocrats and landowners looked down upon the those who made their living from the “vulgar” business world • Middle class, lower middle class, poor

Which Social Classes benefited the most and which benefited the least? • Growing middle class of factory owners, shippers, merchants benefited the most • Factory workers suffered the most because they were overworked and underpaid

Advantages of Industrialization • Made a new middle class prosperous • Created jobs and wealth • Better housing • Better diets

Disadvantages of Industrialization • Workers hard harsh working conditions • Workers had hard living conditions • Workers were greatly exploited

A young "drawer" pulling a coal tub along a mine gallery

Sweatshop-1890

A sweatshop in Chicago, Illinois in 1903

Harry Mc. Shane, age 16, 1908 Pulled into machinery in a factory in Cincinnati. His arm was ripped off at the shoulder and his leg broken. No compensation paid.

PPT – Industrial Revolution children (1 -11) PDF – child labor (use 1 -29)

Important Facts • The Industrial Revolution started in England soon spread elsewhere. • The changes that began in Britain paved the way for modern industrial societies.

Important Facts • The factory system changed the way that people lived and worked, introducing a variety of problems • The difficult process of industrialization is being repeated in many less-developed countries today.

Important Facts • The main cause of urbanization th in 19 -century Britain was industrialization. • Landowners and aristocrats looked down upon the wealthy members of the middle class.