The Industrial Revolution Begins 1750 1850 By Ricardo

The Industrial Revolution Begins 1750 -1850 By: Ricardo Guevara

Section 1: Dawn of the Industrial Revolution § Industrial Revolution began in Britain and soon spread across the world. § It was viewed as a turning point in history changing the way people lived, worked, and thought of life. § An “energy revolution” triggered the beginning of the Industrial Revolution.

Why a turning point in history? § During the 1700 s, people worked on land, lived in cottages, and had no electricity. § With the growing number of people, the rural way of life disappeared. § New jobs were offered because factories were built and people traveled by train or steamship. § New advances in technology, science, medicine, and agriculture arose.

The Agricultural Revolution § § § The Dutch led the Agricultural Revolution. They began using fertilizers and built earthen walls. British then began experimenting and came up with new easier farming techniques. Landowners took part in the technique enclosure, which they fenced off land previously owned by peasants. With enclosure, profits rose and more crops were grown. Small farmers were forced to move into cities to find new jobs.

Rise in Population § The Agricultural Revolution caused the population to rise. § The population of Europe rose from 120 million to 190 million in just 70 years. § This growth was due to the fact that less people were starving because they had more crops. § People ate healthier, hygiene was improved, and medical care improved.

Another Trigger § A third trigger of the Industrial Revolution was the “energy revolution. ” § Water mills and windmills were invented. § People also found ways to use coal as a source of energy.

Section 2: Britain Leads the Way § Britain began the industrial revolution because they had natural resources, human resources, political and social conditions, and economic conditions. § New technologies in the iron industry were key to the Industrial Revolution. § Textiles were improved, more factories were built, and new inventions were made. § Transportation was improved both on land sea.

Why did it begin in Britain? § Britain had a large amount of coal to power steam engines and iron. § With the many people fleeing from their farmlands and moving into the cities, Britain’s factories had a large amount of people that could work. § Britain was a very wealthy nation. § Britain had a stable government who supported economic growth.

The Need for Iron and Coal § Iron was needed for machines and steam engines. § The Darby family developed Britain’s iron industry and also produced better quality and cheaper iron.

The Growth in Factories § More factories were built. § John Kay invented a machine that could weave cotton quicker. § James Hargreaves invented a machine called the spinning jenny that would weave the cotton into thread. § These machines were placed into factories and made working easier.

The Revolution of Transportation § There were major transportation changes on both sea and land. § Turnpikes, or privately built roads that charged a fee to travelers who used them, were built. § The steam locomotive was a very important invention in that it could transport a large amount of goods and people from one place to another. § Others applied steam power to improve ships.

Sections 3: Hardships of Early Industrial Life § The Industrial Revolution brought new changes to lifestyles for the people of the age. Urbanization occurred and new problems arose. § Massive work was completed in a new system of factories causing the need for several thousands of workers. § Along with men, women and children were forced to manage machinery. Long hours, short breaks, poor ventilation, and no chance of worker protest was an all too ordinary day for a worker during the beginning of this era.

The Factory System § Massive needs of factories forced the creation of cities housing workers, exploding almost overnight § Women and children were forced to work to support their families. They were smaller than men and could be paid lower amounts than the men. § Work hours were long usually ranging from 12 to 16 hours. This caused horrid conditions. § Reforms were hard to accomplish during the era, slowly, however, Parliament introduced reforms.

Working Class § Former farmers became the new workers in factories. They were forced to horrid conditions. § When machines started being used, artisans and skilled workers began using jobs. This caused riots, with people destroying machines and laying holocaust to factories. Labor unions were eventually forbidden and outlawed for several years. § John Wesley set up the Methodist Church in the mid-1700 s. Methodism preached of forgiveness and comfort, this being opportune for the new group of seriously mistreated workers.

Middle Class § This class arose from entrepreneurs, artisans who figured how to accomplish things faster, and some who rose from nothing. § These families dressed in the styles of the day and ladies conformed to the ideas of the day. § The middle class worked hard, and valued getting ahead.

Benefits and Problems § Urbanization caused new cities to form almost over night, causing influxes of people in small areas. § Low pay, bad working conditions, long hours, and most of the family working were characteristic to most workers of the age. § The Industrial Revolution allowed for extra money however, and allowed for slight enjoyment by allowing poorer people to afford newspapers, or train rides.

Section 4: New Ways of Thinking § Laissez-Faire, the belief that governments should not interfere with the economy, was embraced by business people of the time. § Utilitarianism, the belief that the goal of society is to bring the greatest amount of happiness to the greatest number of people. § Socialism, Marxism, and Communism ideas were considered during the time, due to the fluctuation in the amount of workers.

Laissez-Faire § The belief that governments should not interfere with the economy was preached by the likes of Adam Smith, Thomas Malthus, and David Ricardo. § Adam Smith wrote The Wealth of Nations, and theorized that free market, would eventually help everyone. § Thomas Malthus believed that to deal with future food shortages, population would have to be controlled. § David Ricardo believed that more children led to lower wages, theorizing that the poor could never escape poverty. Higher wages = more children = more labor and less jobs = less money.

Utilitarianism and Socialism § Jeremy Bentham preached Utilitarianism, the belief that the goal of society is to bring the greatest amount of happiness to the greatest number of people. § His followers, such as John Stuart Mill, believed actions were right if they caused happiness and wrong if they caused pain. § Socialism, the concept of everyone being equal, with no property ownership, with the community owning everything jointly, arose. § Utopian societies, where socialism was practiced arose, like Robert Owen’s New Lanark.

Karl Marx § Karl Marx, a German philosopher, and Friedrich Engels, published The Communist Manifesto. Communism is a form of socialism which sees the eventual clash of employees and employers. § Marx divided people into different groups, the working class was called the proletariats or have-nots, and the wealthy groups were called the haves, who possessed most of the power and luxuries. The two have clashed over the centuries. § Marx hoped for a world revolution, calling all proletariats to rise up against the have-nots. People however, had more connections and loyalty to their connections then to a world revolution.

Regents Questions 1. Which condition is most necessary to the process of industrialization in a society? 1. dependence on subsistence agriculture 2. creation of a one-crop economy 3. availability of investment capital 4. capture of foreign lands 2. According to Karl Marx, history is the record of the 1. granting of more political liberties to all people 2. struggle between classes in society 3. wars and conflicts between national leaders 4. increasing prosperity brought about by industrialization

Regents Questions 3. A main idea of Karl Marx and Friedrich Engles’ Communist Manifesto is that the proletariat 1. would need foreign help to achieve its revolutionary ends 2. had to cooperate with the capitalists to gain economic rewards 3. should allow the capitalists to control the means of production 4. must unite to overthrow the capitalist class 4. “Revolution will occur more and more frequently in the industrialized nations as the proletariat struggles to overcome the abuses of the capitalist system. ” This quotation reflects the ideas of 1. Charles Darwin 2. Karl Marx 3. Niccolo Machiavelli 4. John Locke

Regents Questions 5. “The proletarians have nothing to lose but their chains…Workers of the world, unite!” This statement was made in response to conditions resulting from the 1. Protestant Reformation 2. Counter-Reformation 3. Commercial Revolution 4. Industrial Revolution

Answers 1. Which condition is most necessary to the process of industrialization in a society? Answer: 3 (availability of investment capital) 2. According to Karl Marx, history is the record of the Answer: 2 (struggle between classes in society) 3. A main idea of Karl Marx and Friedrich Engles’ Communist Manifesto is that the proletariat Answer: 4 (must unite to overthrow the capitalist class) 4. “Revolution will occur more and more frequently in the industrialized nations as the proletariat struggles to overcome the abuses of the capitalist system. ” Answer: 2 (Karl Marx) 5. “The proletarians have nothing to lose but their chains…Workers of the world, unite!” Answer: 4 (Industrial Revolution)