th 19 and th 20 Anh Truonghuynh Emily

th 19 and th 20 Anh Truonghuynh Emily Pham Julia (Tram) Vo Twinkle Thomas Century August 31, 2012 M 4

INTRODUCTION There are many events that take place during this broad timeframe starting from the 1800 s to the end of the 1900 s. Some events would be the Great Depression, the Vietnam War, World War I, and World War II. There were also some medical developments and problems such as starts of epidemics and the discovery of penicillin (http: //history 1900 s. about. com/od/famouscrimesscandals/ u/events. htm). During the 19 th and 20 th century, there were many important people involved as well, such as Louis Pasteur and Robert Koch. However, the events we will be focusing on is World War I and World War II; and the people we will be focusing on are Louis Pasteur, Joseph Lister, Paul Ehrlich, and Alexander Fleming.

LOUIS PASTEUR Louis Pasteur, born in 1822, was most known for his part in the development in pasteurized milk. He thought that diseases were caused by micro-organisms in the air. Using a microscope, he found many microorganisms in the sample vats of fermented beer he was studying. He also observed other kinds of liquids like milk, wine and vinegar, all of which convinced him that microbes in the air were contaminating them. Many scientists didn’t agree with Pasteur when he told them about the microorganisms and thought that he was foolish (http: //www. historylearningsite. co. uk/louis_pasteur. htm). Despite what many scientists thought of him he continued with his research. He also found vaccines for rabies, chicken cholera, and the anthrax virus. In spite of all this some scientists didn’t agree with him, one of them being Rossignol, editor of “The Veterinary Press”. During 1882, Rossignol challenged Pasteur to test his anthrax vaccine in a public test. The tests took place on May 1882 and the results were in Pasteur’s favor. After that Pasteur's team also found a vaccine for rabies (http: //www. historylearningsite. co. uk/louis_pasteur. htm).

LOUIS PASTEUR Social Impact: o During that time, it was starting to become more and more common that people were getting bitten by rabid animals which lead to them dying a painful death; so the vaccine for rabies helped people who had been bitten (http: //www. historylearningsite. co. uk/louis_pasteur. htm). o Pasteurized milk got rid of the bacteria that could harm a person's health (http: //www. foodsci. uoguelph. ca/dairyedu/pasteurizatio n. html).

LOUIS PASTEUR (http: //www. bbc. co. uk/his tory/historic_figures/past eur_louis. shtml) (http: //www. biography. com/peopl e/louis-pasteur-9434402) (http: //www. historylearningsite. co. uk/louis_pasteur. htm)

JOSEPH LISTER Joseph Lister was known as the ‘father of antiseptic surgery’ during the 19 th century. He was always interested in surgery at a young age (http: //www. sciencemuseum. org. uk/broughttolife/people/josephlister. aspx). In the 1840 s, operations became more common. Most were successful, but soon after the patient would die from an infection called ward fever. The reason was unclear, but it was believed that it had something to do with the air. In 1864, he read Pasteur’s work on micro-organisms and decided to experiment using one of Pasteur’s techniques. He decided to use a chemical to destroy germs that entered the body through open wounds (http: //www. notablebiographies. com/Ki-Lo/Lister. Joseph. html#b). That same year, Lister read in the newspaper that the treatment of sewage with a chemical called carbolic acid had led to a reduction of diseases among the people of England. He then developed a successful method of using this chemical during operations to apply to wounds, spray in the air, and sterilize instruments. This process was very effective and the rate of infection dramatically reduced in the patients treated. Operations could now be carried out safely. Even though his antiseptic method was later replaced by the use of aesepsis, his work marked the beginning for a new era (http: //www. notablebiographies. com/Ki-Lo/Lister. Joseph. html#b).

JOSEPH LISTER Social Impacts: o Lister’s antiseptic method helped recover patients dying from ward fever. o Antiseptic method was used in many hospitals. o The rate of infection and death rate of many patients were dramatically reduced (http: //www. notablebiographies. com/Ki-Lo/Lister. Joseph. html#b). o The mouthwash, Listerine, was named after him for his work in antisepsis (http: //www. wisegeek. com/what-is-thehistory-of-listerinereg. htm).

JOSEPH LISTER (http: //www. notablebiographies. com/Ki. Lo/Lister-Joseph. html#b) (http: //www. sciencemuseum. org. uk/bro ughttolife/people/josephlister. aspx)

WORLD WAR I World War I was a war that took place during the early 20 th century between 1914 – 1919. This war was also considered and named as the Great War (http: //www. worldwar-1. net/). Social Problems: -Diseases, injuries and psychological disorders had a big outbreak during World War I. -Syphilis was very common for women during those times and Spanish Flu had increased severely. (http: //www. bookrags. com/research/medicine-world-war-i-aaw-03/) o Political Problem: -The war initially started because Austria’s Hungary archduke Franz Ferdinand his wife were assassinated on Serbian ground. This led Austria into an angry reaction and had declared war with Serbia (http: //www. firstworldwar. com/origins/index. htm).

PAUL EHRLICH Paul Ehrlich was a doctor during the mid 19 th century and early 20 th century (http: //www. nobelprize. org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1908/ehrlichbio. html). After his studies, he went to research more about how some cells had an attraction to certain chemicals. As time went on, Ehrlich got more interested in finding the cure for “sleeping sickness. ” He worked hard to find a chemical less stronger than Atoxyl because, even though it worked fine, it was an arsenic compound, which was poisonous. Ehrlich tried to find many alternatives for Atoxyl, more than 900, but later went back to #606. As he tested this alternative again with his colleague, they discovered that it didn’t work with the sleeping disease, but worked with a newly discovered disease called syphilis (http: //www. pbs. org/wgbh/aso/databank/entries/dm 09 sy. html). This 606 th drug had cured the infectious disease among most of the black Americans (http: //www. ncbi. nlm. nih. gov/pubmed/9203272). Social Impact: o During World War I, there was a social disturbance which started a widespread of syphilis among people. With the discovery of a cure for syphilis, it treated the many people who were affected with the disease (http: //www. ncbi. nlm. nih. gov/pubmed/9203272).

PAUL EHRLICH (http: //www. nobelprize. org/nobel_prizes/ medicine/laureates/1908/ehrlichbio. html) (http: //www. nndb. com/people/23 8/000086977/)

ALEXANDER FLEMING Right after Paul Ehrlich had discovered a cure for syphilis, which was a drug named salvarsan, another scientist was so enthusiastic about finding a new drug that treats small wounds and infections for soldiers during World War I (http: //www. pbs. org/wgbh/aso/databank/entries/bmflem. html). This scientist was named Alexander Fleming and was the founder of penicillin. It was during 1922 when Fleming was wondering if there ways of killing strong bacteria and tried many experiments to prove it true. One day while working with some harmful bacteria, some mucous from Fleming’s nose, which had a chemical called lysozyme, had dropped on to one of his Petri dishes and had destroyed most of the bacteria on it (http: //history 1900 s. about. com/od/medicaladvancesissues/a/penicillin. htm). This had assured him that there ways to kill strong bacteria. In 1928 as Fleming was going through some Petri dishes, he had found one particular dish that had the Staphylococcus aureus mold but was completely wiped off from one whole section from another mold that was in the Penicillium mold family. This mold happened to have antibacterial chemicals that were able to clean off all the bad mold on the Petri dish. This mold was later called penicillin from Fleming because of its strong antibacterial powers found in the Penicillium mold (http: //history 1900 s. about. com/od/medicaladvancesissues/a/penicillin_2. htm).

ALEXANDER FLEMING Social Impacts: o Penicillin was able to cure diphtheria, gangrene, pneumonia, syphilis, and tuberculosis. o Was able to cure bacterial infections and major/minor wounds during World War II. (http: //history 1900 s. about. com/od/medicaladvancesissues/a/peni cillin_2. htm) Political Impact: o Because Fleming had found penicillin, which was a mass production during the World War II (http: //www. historylearningsite. co. uk/medicine_and_world_war_ two. htm), it had saved lives of the soldiers who had minor injuries during that time.

ALEXANDER FLEMING (http: //history 1900 s. about. com/ od/medicaladvancesissues/a/pe nicillin. htm) (http: //www. pbs. org/wgbh/as o/databank/entries/bmflem. html) (http: //www. nobelprize. org/nobel_prizes/m edicine/laureates/1945/fleming-bio. html)

WORLD WAR II World War II took place during the 20 th century from 1939 -1945. It was a fight between the Axis Powers, Italy, Germany and Japan against the Allied Forces, America, Great Britain, China, the Soviet Union, and France. It was mostly fought in Europe, across the Pacific and eastern Asia (http: //militaryhistory. about. com/od/worldwarii/tp/wwii 101. htm). o Social Problems: - issues with providing a greater number of treatments for infections - needed a way to have a mass production of penicillin at the industrial scale (http: //www. historylearningsite. co. uk/medicine_and_world_war_two. htm) o Political Problems: - The Treaty of Versailles angered Germany. - The League of Nations were weak and could not maintain world peace. - Hitler began building up Germany’s army and Europe did nothing. However, when Hitler began to attack other countries to expand east, the major powers of Europe began to react (http: //www. historylearningsite. co. uk/causes_world_war_two. htm).

REFERENCES About. com <http: //history 1900 s. about. com/od/famouscrimesscandals/u/events. htm> Date Accessed: 03 September, 2012 About. com <http: //history 1900 s. about. com/od/medicaladvancesissues/a/penicillin. htm> Date Accessed: 02 September, 2012 About. com <http: //history 1900 s. about. com/od/medicaladvancesissues/a/penicillin_2. htm> Date Accessed: 02 September, 2012 About. com <http: //militaryhistory. about. com/od/worldwarii/tp/wwii 101. htm> Date Accessed: 31 August, 2012

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REFERENCES Notablebiographies. com <http: //www. notablebiographies. com/Ki-Lo/Lister-Joseph. html#b> Date Accessed: 31 August, 2012 Pbs. org <http: //www. pbs. org/wgbh/aso/databank/entries/bmflem. html> Date Accessed: 02 September, 2012 Pbs. org <http: //www. pbs. org/wgbh/aso/databank/entries/dm 09 sy. html> Date Accessed: 31 August, 2012 Sciencemuseum. org. uk <http: //www. sciencemuseum. org. uk/broughttolife/people/josephlister. aspx> Date Accessed: 31 August, 2012

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