Terminal Design Passenger Processing errata w Consider TSA

Terminal Design Passenger Processing

errata w Consider TSA impacts

Passenger Space Guidelines w Personal space l l Transit 18 x 24 inches Airports 5 -10 ft 2 (30 inch circle) w Lateral movement l 30 inches between “traffic” lanes w Longitudinal movement l 8 -10 feet person w Net pedestrian area l 20 -30 ft 2 (1/2)

Passenger Space Guidelines (2/2) w Queuing space l 5 -10 ft 2 w Stairs l l 10 -20 ft 2 Escalators can be smaller w Pedestrian flow l l f = s/a Where f pedestrian flow, s speed, a area per pedestrian (note analog to vehicular traffic flow density relationship: flow = density * velocity)

Passenger System w Entryways l l Passenger and visitors Enplaning and deplaning Auto doors 20 -30 pax/min Manual doors 10 -15 pax/min w Lobby areas l l l All persons using airport Seating capacity 15 -25% of enplaning Space 20 sf/pax (1/5)

Passenger System (2/5) w Ticket counter l l l Check in and baggage drop Estimate 10% of peak hour originating pax with 5 pax in line max Spacing: 10 -12 ft. between counters without bags 12 -16 ft. between counters for regular Queue space 3 ft. /pax = 15 ft. Provide 20 -35 ft. circulation area behind queues 10 ft. of depth for the counter itself

Passenger System (3/5) w Security l l l Service rate 300 -450 pax/hr (lower than book says) 15 -20 ft wide; 30 -60 ft long Deplaning exit corridor 15 -20 ft wide, revolving door or guards 20 -40’ 15 -20’ 10’-20’

Passenger System w Departure lounge l l l Estimate 80% of pax need seating Space 10 -15 ft 2/pax Walking corridors should be provided w Boarding corridors l l 10 ft. wide Service rate 2 -4 pax/min (4/5)

Passenger System w Corridors l l 20 ft wide minimum 40 -50 ft desirable for maneuvering w Stairs l l 30 inches minimum per lane Speed 50 -300 ft/min; average 100 ft/min w Baggage claim l Special procedures (4/5)

Queuing Equations w Arrivals l Poisson rate q w Service l Exponential rate Q w Ratio l ρ= q/Q < 1. 0 w More than one server (n) l Ratio ρ = q/(Qn) (1/4)

Queuing Equations (2/4) w M/M/1 l l Wait time in queue: Average time in system: Average queue length: Probability of k “units” in system: E(w) = q/[Q(Q-q)] E(t) = 1/(Q-q) E(m) = q 2/[Q(Q-q)] P(k)= (q/Q)k [1 -(q/Q)] w Used for flow through processes l l l Entrance gates Security Jetways

Queuing Equations (2/4) w M/D/1 l l Wait time in queue: Average time in system: q)] Average time in service: Average queue length: E(w) = q/[2 Q(Q-q)] E(t) = [2 Q-q]/[2 Q(QE(ts) = 1/Q E(m) = q 2/[2 Q(Q-q)] w For multiple servers (n), approximate Q as n. Q l l Be careful – service time is not affected by n Check equations above! w Used for processes with fixed service l l Ticket services Car rental

Queuing Equations (3/4) w If ρ= q/Q > 1. 0 l Wait time in queue: E(w’) = E(w)0. 9 +E(e) n n l where E(w)0. 9 is the E(w) when ρ =0. 9 and E(e)=T(q-n. Q)/(2 n. Q) n where T is the time that demand exceeds service n n=number of servers Average queue length: E(m’) = [E(w’)+1/Q)]q w Baggage claims l l Average delay E(b) = E(t 2) +NT/(N+1) –E(t 1) Where w t 2 = time when 1 st bag shows up w t 1 = time when passengers arrive w N = number of bags person w T = between first and last bags

Queuing Equations w Total passenger processing time E(T) = E(w) + E(s) + E(t) where E(w) average wait in queue time E(s) average service time E(t) average walk time (4/4)

Passenger Flow - Enplaning SS E A 1 X J L T D X A 2 T L SS J

Enplaning Flow Example 500 pax/hr E 225 500 X 175 D 100 300 T Device Service time Doors 10 sec Express 90 sec Ticket 180 sec Security (X) 30 sec Seat Select 25 sec Jetway 20 sec Pax/hr/n 360 40 20 144 180 SS 200 n Servers 2 6 6 5 4 4 L Pax/hr 720 240 120 600 576 720 J

Enplaning Flow Example Device Gate Express 225 Ticket Security Seat Select Jetway q 500 240 100 500 300 500 Q 720 Wait (min) 0. 19 1. 88 120 600 576 720 Service (sec) 10 90 1. 25 0. 50 0. 06 0. 19 180 30 25 20 Use the average wait in queue time equations to get wait. Remember to use the right queuing equation for the right device.

Enplaning Flow Example 60 50 Concession Stands 60 40 AT O 30 60 30 75 30 100

Enplaning Flow Example 60 50 Concession Stands 60 40 Walk dist (ft) 40 AT O 395 60 305 185 300 235 30 60 30 75 30 100 295

Enplaning Flow Example 629 120 60 380 150 X 760

Enplaning Flow Example Wait time E(w)=1(0. 19)+0. 45(1. 88)+0. 20(1. 25)+1(0. 50)+0. 60(0. 06)+1(0. 19) = 2. 01 min Service time E(s)=1(10)+0. 45(90)+0. 20(180)+1(30)+0. 60(25)+1(10)= 151. 2 s. = 2. 52 min Walk time E(t)= [0. 45[(235+295)/2]+0. 20[(395+305)/2]+ 0. 35[0. 75(185)+0. 25(300)]+1(760)]/2. 5 = 408 s. = 6. 8 min Total time E(T)= 2. 01 + 2. 52 + 6. 83 = 11. 36 min

Passenger Flow Deplaning B J E S D CR

Deplaning Flow Example J 100 35 E B 60 S D 25 500 pax/hr 1. 5 bags/pax 1 visit/pax (1/8) CR 75 Device Service time Doors 10 sec Escalator 5 sec Security exit 3 sec Car rental 240 sec Jetway 10 sec

Deplaning Flow Example J 500 B 175 E S 200 70 125 105 D 31 CR 94 Bags: 1. 5 bags/pax = 309 bags, 2 servers Device Doors Escalator Security exit Car rental Jetway Service time 10 sec 5 sec 3 sec 240 sec 10 sec Pax/hr 360 720 1200 15 360 Servers 4 1 1 14 2 (2/8)

Deplaning Flow Example Device Doors Escalator Security exit Car rental Jetway q Q Wait (min) 1000 1440 0. 05 500 720 0. 19 500 1200 0. 04 195 210 1. 86 500 720 0. 19 Service (min) 10 5 3 240 10 (3/8)

Enplaning Flow Example (4/8) Car Rentals 40 40 Incoming Bags 75 100 70 30 80 50 40 40 50 35

Deplaning Flow Example Car Rentals 40 40 Incoming Bags (5/8) 100 70 220 75 210 315 405 295 30 75 50 50 35 345 415 650

Deplaning Flow Example 629 (6/8) 120 60 380 150 X 900

Deplaning Flow Example For bags E(w)= 0. 19+ 0. 04+0. 06(1. 86) = 0. 53 min E(s)= 10+5+3+0. 06(240)=0. 54 min E(t)= [900+0. 35(415)+0. 06(405)]/2. 5=7. 13 min Avg arrival time=0. 53+0. 54+7. 13 =8. 20 Bags/device 309/2 = 155 bags Load time 155/10 = 15. 5 min E(b) = E(t 2)+n. T/(n+1)–E(t 1)=10+[1. 5(15. 5)/2. 5]-8. 20= 11. 10 min (7/8)

Deplaning Flow Example Wait time E(w)=1(0. 19+0. 04)+0. 41(11. 1)+0. 39(1. 86)+0. 05 = 5. 74 min Service time E(s)=1(10+5+3)+0. 39(240)+1(10)= 2. 03 min Walk time E(t)= [1(900)+0. 40[(295+345)/2]+0. 21(415+210)+ 0. 14(415+650)+0. 19(315)+0. 06(405+210)]/2. 5 = 9. 41 min Total time E(T)= 5. 74 + 2. 03 + 9. 41= 17. 18 min (8/8)

Terminal Footprint

Airport Roadway Circulation Enplaning Deplaning Short Term Parking Long Term Parking Terminal Access Road Terminal Exit Road Terminal Frontage Road

Gate Configuration w Large airlines have their own w Smaller typically combine/share w May need to have “airline” terminals w Wide bodies occupy outside gates