Passenger pigeon Great auk Dodo Dusky seaside sparrow

Passenger pigeon Great auk Dodo Dusky seaside sparrow Aepyornis (Madagascar) Figure 12 -2 Page 225 Slide 1

Grizzly bear (threatened) Kirtland's warbler White top pitcher plant Arabian oryx (Middle East) African elephant (Africa) Mojave desert tortoise (threatened) Swallowtail butterfly Humpback chub Golden lion tamarin (Brazil) Siberian tiger (Siberia) Figure 12 -3 a Page 226 Slide 2

West Virginia Giant panda spring salamander (China) Mountain gorilla (Africa) Pine barrens tree frog (male) Whooping crane Knowlton cactus Swamp pink Hawksbill sea turtle Blue whale El Segundo blue butterfly Figure 12 -3 b Page 226 Slide 3

Florida manatee Devil's hole pupfish Ghost bat (Australia) Northern spotted owl (threatened) Snow leopard (Central Asia) California condor Gray wolf Florida panther Symphonia (Madagascar) Black-footed ferret Black lace cactus Bannerman's turaco (Africa) Utah prairie dog (threatened) Black rhinoceros Oahu tree snail (Africa) Figure 12 -3 c Page 227 Slide 4

Characteristic Examples Low reproductive rate (K-strategist) Blue whale, giant panda, rhinoceros Specialized niche Blue whale, giant panda, Everglades kite Narrow distribution Many island species, elephant seal, desert pupfish Feeds at high trophic level Bengal tiger, bald eagle, grizzly bear Fixed migratory patterns Blue whale, whooping crane, sea turtles Rare Many island species, African violet, some orchids Commercially valuable Snow leopard, tiger, elephant, rhinoceros, rare plants and birds Large territories California condor, grizzly bear, Florida panther Figure 12 -4 Page 228 Slide 5

34% (51% of freshwater species) Fish 24% Mammals 20% Reptiles Plants Birds 14% 12% Figure 12 -5 Page 228 Slide 6

Habitat loss Overfishing Pollution Habitat degradation and fragmentation Climate change Commercial hunting and poaching Introducing nonnative species Predator and pest control Sale of exotic pets and decorative plants Secondary Causes • Population growth • Rising resource use • No environmental accounting • Poverty Basic Causes Figure 12 -6 Page 231 Slide 7

Range 100 years ago Range today (about 2, 300 left) Indian Tiger Figure 12 -7 a Page 232 Slide 8

Range in 1700 Range today (about 2, 400 left) Black Rhino Figure 12 -7 b Page 232 Slide 9

Probable range 1600 Range today (300, 000 left) African Elephant Figure 12 -7 c Page 232 Slide 10

Former range Range today (34, 000– 54, 000 left) Asian or Indian Elephant Figure 12 -7 d Page 232 Slide 11

Cerulean warbler Florida scrub jay Sprague’s pipit Bichnell’s thrush California gnatcatcher Kirtland’s warbler Blacked-capped vireo Golden-cheeked warbler Henslow’s sparrow Bachman’s warbler Figure 12 -8 Page 233 Slide 12

Habitat loss and fragmentation interaction. Click to view animation. Animation Slide 13

Purple looselife European starling African honeybee (“Killer bee”) Marine toad Water hyacinth Japanese beetle Nutria Deliberately introduced Species Salt cedar (Tamarisk) Hydrilla European wild boar (Feral pig) Figure 12 -9 a Page 235 Slide 14

Sea lamprey (attached to lake trout) Argentina fire ant Brown tree snake Eurasian muffle Common pigeon (Rock dove) Formosan termite Zebra mussel Asian long-horned beetle Asian tiger mosquito Gypsy moth larvae Accidentally introduced Species Figure 12 -9 b Page 235 Slide 15

Figure 12 -10 Page 236 Slide 16

1918 2000 Figure 12 -11 Page 236 Slide 17

Characteristics of Successful Invader Species Characteristics of Ecosystems Vulnerable to Invader Species • High reproductive rate, short generation time (r-selected species) • Similar climate to habitat of invader • Pioneer species • Absence of predators on invading species • Long lived • High dispersal rate • Release growthinhibiting chemicals into soil • Generalists • High genetic variability • Early successional systems • Low diversity of native species • Absence of fire • Disturbed by human activities Figure 12 -12 Page 238 Slide 18

2 4 3 5 Top Six Hot Spots 6 1 Hawaii 2 San Francisco Bay area 3 Southern Appalachians 4 Death Valley 5 Southern California 6 Florida Panhandle Concentration of rare species 1 Low Moderate High Figure 12 -14 Page 242 Slide 19

North American-South American flyways European-African flyways Asian flyways Figure 12 -15 Page 246 Slide 20

What Can You Do? Protecting Species • Do not buy furs, ivory products, and other materials made from endangered or threatened animal species. • Do not buy wood and paper products produced by cutting remaining old-growth forests in the tropics. • Do not buy birds, snakes, turtles, tropical fish, and other animals that are taken from the wild. • Do not buy orchids, cacti, and other plants that are taken from the wild. Figure 12 -16 Page 249 Slide 21

Humans affect biodiversity interaction. Click to view animation. Animation Slide 22

Habitat loss and fragmentation interaction. Click to view animation. Animation Slide 23