Soil Improvement Methods of soil improvement Removal and
![Soil Improvement Soil Improvement](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h/1169cd950bda191270e03c145088908d/image-1.jpg)
![Methods of soil improvement • • Removal and replacement Precompression Vertical drains In-situ densification Methods of soil improvement • • Removal and replacement Precompression Vertical drains In-situ densification](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h/1169cd950bda191270e03c145088908d/image-2.jpg)
![Removal and replacement • One of oldest and simplest methods is simply to remove Removal and replacement • One of oldest and simplest methods is simply to remove](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h/1169cd950bda191270e03c145088908d/image-3.jpg)
![Precompression • Simply place a surcharge fill on top of the soil that requires Precompression • Simply place a surcharge fill on top of the soil that requires](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h/1169cd950bda191270e03c145088908d/image-4.jpg)
![Advantages of precompression • Requires only conventional earthmoving equipment • Any grading contractor can Advantages of precompression • Requires only conventional earthmoving equipment • Any grading contractor can](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h/1169cd950bda191270e03c145088908d/image-5.jpg)
![Disadvantages of precompression • Surcharge fill must extend horizontally at least 10 m beyond Disadvantages of precompression • Surcharge fill must extend horizontally at least 10 m beyond](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h/1169cd950bda191270e03c145088908d/image-6.jpg)
![Vertical Drains • Vertical drains are installed under a surcharge load to accelerate the Vertical Drains • Vertical drains are installed under a surcharge load to accelerate the](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h/1169cd950bda191270e03c145088908d/image-7.jpg)
![Vertical Drains Vertical Drains](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h/1169cd950bda191270e03c145088908d/image-8.jpg)
![Wick Drains • Geosynthetics used as a substitute to sand columns • Installed by Wick Drains • Geosynthetics used as a substitute to sand columns • Installed by](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h/1169cd950bda191270e03c145088908d/image-9.jpg)
![Typical installation of wick drains • Typically spaced 3 m on centers Prefabricated Drains Typical installation of wick drains • Typically spaced 3 m on centers Prefabricated Drains](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h/1169cd950bda191270e03c145088908d/image-10.jpg)
![In-situ densification • Most effective in sands • Methods used in conventional earthwork are In-situ densification • Most effective in sands • Methods used in conventional earthwork are](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h/1169cd950bda191270e03c145088908d/image-11.jpg)
![Dynamic vs. Vibratory Dynamic vs. Vibratory](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h/1169cd950bda191270e03c145088908d/image-12.jpg)
![Vibratory probe compaction • Long probe mounted onto a vibratory pile driver compacts the Vibratory probe compaction • Long probe mounted onto a vibratory pile driver compacts the](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h/1169cd950bda191270e03c145088908d/image-13.jpg)
![Vibratory probe compaction Vibratory probe compaction](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h/1169cd950bda191270e03c145088908d/image-14.jpg)
![Beware of transmission of ground vibrations Beware of transmission of ground vibrations](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h/1169cd950bda191270e03c145088908d/image-15.jpg)
![Vibroflotation • Probe includes the vibrator mechanism and water jets • Probe is lowered Vibroflotation • Probe includes the vibrator mechanism and water jets • Probe is lowered](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h/1169cd950bda191270e03c145088908d/image-16.jpg)
![Vibroflotation Sands Relative Effectiveness Excellent Silty Sands Marginal to Good Silts Poor Clays Not Vibroflotation Sands Relative Effectiveness Excellent Silty Sands Marginal to Good Silts Poor Clays Not](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h/1169cd950bda191270e03c145088908d/image-17.jpg)
![Vibro-replacement stone columns • Vibro-Replacement extends the range of soils that can be improved Vibro-replacement stone columns • Vibro-Replacement extends the range of soils that can be improved](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h/1169cd950bda191270e03c145088908d/image-18.jpg)
![Vibro-replacement stone columns Top-feed vibroflot rig Adding stone in top-feed installation Bottom-feed vibroflot rig Vibro-replacement stone columns Top-feed vibroflot rig Adding stone in top-feed installation Bottom-feed vibroflot rig](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h/1169cd950bda191270e03c145088908d/image-19.jpg)
![Dynamic compaction • Uses a special crane to lift 5 -30 tons to heights Dynamic compaction • Uses a special crane to lift 5 -30 tons to heights](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h/1169cd950bda191270e03c145088908d/image-20.jpg)
![Grouting • Defined as the injection of a special liquid or slurry material called Grouting • Defined as the injection of a special liquid or slurry material called](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h/1169cd950bda191270e03c145088908d/image-21.jpg)
![Grouting methods Intrusion grouting – – Consists of filling joints or fractures with grout Grouting methods Intrusion grouting – – Consists of filling joints or fractures with grout](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h/1169cd950bda191270e03c145088908d/image-22.jpg)
![Grouting methods • Compaction grouting – When low-slump compaction grout is injected into granular Grouting methods • Compaction grouting – When low-slump compaction grout is injected into granular](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h/1169cd950bda191270e03c145088908d/image-23.jpg)
![Grouting methods Jet grouting – Developed in Japan – Uses a special pipe with Grouting methods Jet grouting – Developed in Japan – Uses a special pipe with](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h/1169cd950bda191270e03c145088908d/image-24.jpg)
![Stabilization using admixtures • Most common admixture is Portland Cement • When mixed with Stabilization using admixtures • Most common admixture is Portland Cement • When mixed with](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h/1169cd950bda191270e03c145088908d/image-25.jpg)
![Reinforcement • Soil is stronger in compression than in tension • To improve strength Reinforcement • Soil is stronger in compression than in tension • To improve strength](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h/1169cd950bda191270e03c145088908d/image-26.jpg)
![Reinforced earthwall construction Reinforced earthwall construction](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h/1169cd950bda191270e03c145088908d/image-27.jpg)
![Soil Nailing • The fundamental concept of soil nailing consists of reinforcing the ground Soil Nailing • The fundamental concept of soil nailing consists of reinforcing the ground](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h/1169cd950bda191270e03c145088908d/image-28.jpg)
- Slides: 28
![Soil Improvement Soil Improvement](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h/1169cd950bda191270e03c145088908d/image-1.jpg)
Soil Improvement
![Methods of soil improvement Removal and replacement Precompression Vertical drains Insitu densification Methods of soil improvement • • Removal and replacement Precompression Vertical drains In-situ densification](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h/1169cd950bda191270e03c145088908d/image-2.jpg)
Methods of soil improvement • • Removal and replacement Precompression Vertical drains In-situ densification Grouting Stabilization using admixtures Reinforcement
![Removal and replacement One of oldest and simplest methods is simply to remove Removal and replacement • One of oldest and simplest methods is simply to remove](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h/1169cd950bda191270e03c145088908d/image-3.jpg)
Removal and replacement • One of oldest and simplest methods is simply to remove and replace the soil • Soils that will have to be replaced include contaminated soils or organic soils • Method is usually practical only above the groundwater table
![Precompression Simply place a surcharge fill on top of the soil that requires Precompression • Simply place a surcharge fill on top of the soil that requires](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h/1169cd950bda191270e03c145088908d/image-4.jpg)
Precompression • Simply place a surcharge fill on top of the soil that requires consolidation • Once sufficient consolidation has taken place, the fill can be removed and construction takes place • Surcharge fills are typically 10 -25 feet thick and generally produces settlement of 1 to 3 feet. • Most effective in clay soil
![Advantages of precompression Requires only conventional earthmoving equipment Any grading contractor can Advantages of precompression • Requires only conventional earthmoving equipment • Any grading contractor can](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h/1169cd950bda191270e03c145088908d/image-5.jpg)
Advantages of precompression • Requires only conventional earthmoving equipment • Any grading contractor can perform the work • Long track record of success
![Disadvantages of precompression Surcharge fill must extend horizontally at least 10 m beyond Disadvantages of precompression • Surcharge fill must extend horizontally at least 10 m beyond](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h/1169cd950bda191270e03c145088908d/image-6.jpg)
Disadvantages of precompression • Surcharge fill must extend horizontally at least 10 m beyond the perimeter of the planned construction, which may not be possible at confined sites • Transport of large quantities of soil required • Surcharge must remain in place for months or years, thus delaying construction
![Vertical Drains Vertical drains are installed under a surcharge load to accelerate the Vertical Drains • Vertical drains are installed under a surcharge load to accelerate the](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h/1169cd950bda191270e03c145088908d/image-7.jpg)
Vertical Drains • Vertical drains are installed under a surcharge load to accelerate the drainage of impervious soils and thus speed up consolidation • These drains provide a shorter path for the water to flow through to get away from the soil • Time to drain clay layers can be reduced from years to a couple of months
![Vertical Drains Vertical Drains](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h/1169cd950bda191270e03c145088908d/image-8.jpg)
Vertical Drains
![Wick Drains Geosynthetics used as a substitute to sand columns Installed by Wick Drains • Geosynthetics used as a substitute to sand columns • Installed by](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h/1169cd950bda191270e03c145088908d/image-9.jpg)
Wick Drains • Geosynthetics used as a substitute to sand columns • Installed by being pushed or vibrated into the ground • Most are about 100 mm wide and 5 mm thick
![Typical installation of wick drains Typically spaced 3 m on centers Prefabricated Drains Typical installation of wick drains • Typically spaced 3 m on centers Prefabricated Drains](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h/1169cd950bda191270e03c145088908d/image-10.jpg)
Typical installation of wick drains • Typically spaced 3 m on centers Prefabricated Drains Available in US • Alidrain • Aliwick • Ameridrain • Colbond Drain • Mebradrain
![Insitu densification Most effective in sands Methods used in conventional earthwork are In-situ densification • Most effective in sands • Methods used in conventional earthwork are](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h/1169cd950bda191270e03c145088908d/image-11.jpg)
In-situ densification • Most effective in sands • Methods used in conventional earthwork are only effective to about 2 m below the surface • In-situ methods like dynamic deep compaction are for soils deeper than can be compacted from the surface
![Dynamic vs Vibratory Dynamic vs. Vibratory](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h/1169cd950bda191270e03c145088908d/image-12.jpg)
Dynamic vs. Vibratory
![Vibratory probe compaction Long probe mounted onto a vibratory pile driver compacts the Vibratory probe compaction • Long probe mounted onto a vibratory pile driver compacts the](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h/1169cd950bda191270e03c145088908d/image-13.jpg)
Vibratory probe compaction • Long probe mounted onto a vibratory pile driver compacts the soil around the probe; penetrations spaced in a grid pattern similar to vertical drains
![Vibratory probe compaction Vibratory probe compaction](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h/1169cd950bda191270e03c145088908d/image-14.jpg)
Vibratory probe compaction
![Beware of transmission of ground vibrations Beware of transmission of ground vibrations](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h/1169cd950bda191270e03c145088908d/image-15.jpg)
Beware of transmission of ground vibrations
![Vibroflotation Probe includes the vibrator mechanism and water jets Probe is lowered Vibroflotation • Probe includes the vibrator mechanism and water jets • Probe is lowered](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h/1169cd950bda191270e03c145088908d/image-16.jpg)
Vibroflotation • Probe includes the vibrator mechanism and water jets • Probe is lowered into the ground using a crane • Vibratory eccentric force induces densification and water jets assist in insertion and extraction • Vibratory probe compaction is effective if silt content is less than 12 -15% and clay is less than 3% • Probes inserted in grid pattern at a spacing of 1. 5 to 3 m
![Vibroflotation Sands Relative Effectiveness Excellent Silty Sands Marginal to Good Silts Poor Clays Not Vibroflotation Sands Relative Effectiveness Excellent Silty Sands Marginal to Good Silts Poor Clays Not](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h/1169cd950bda191270e03c145088908d/image-17.jpg)
Vibroflotation Sands Relative Effectiveness Excellent Silty Sands Marginal to Good Silts Poor Clays Not applicable Mine Spoils Good (if granular) Depends upon nature of fill Not Applicable Ground Type Dumped Fill Garbage
![Vibroreplacement stone columns VibroReplacement extends the range of soils that can be improved Vibro-replacement stone columns • Vibro-Replacement extends the range of soils that can be improved](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h/1169cd950bda191270e03c145088908d/image-18.jpg)
Vibro-replacement stone columns • Vibro-Replacement extends the range of soils that can be improved by vibratory techniques to include cohesive soils. Reinforcement of the soil with compacted granular columns or "stone columns" is accomplished by the top-feed method.
![Vibroreplacement stone columns Topfeed vibroflot rig Adding stone in topfeed installation Bottomfeed vibroflot rig Vibro-replacement stone columns Top-feed vibroflot rig Adding stone in top-feed installation Bottom-feed vibroflot rig](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h/1169cd950bda191270e03c145088908d/image-19.jpg)
Vibro-replacement stone columns Top-feed vibroflot rig Adding stone in top-feed installation Bottom-feed vibroflot rig
![Dynamic compaction Uses a special crane to lift 5 30 tons to heights Dynamic compaction • Uses a special crane to lift 5 -30 tons to heights](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h/1169cd950bda191270e03c145088908d/image-20.jpg)
Dynamic compaction • Uses a special crane to lift 5 -30 tons to heights of 40 to 100 feet then drop these weights onto the ground • Cost effective method of densifying loose sands and silty soils up to 15 to 30 feet deep
![Grouting Defined as the injection of a special liquid or slurry material called Grouting • Defined as the injection of a special liquid or slurry material called](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h/1169cd950bda191270e03c145088908d/image-21.jpg)
Grouting • Defined as the injection of a special liquid or slurry material called grout into the ground for the purpose of improving the soil or rock • Types of grouts – Cementitious grouts – Chemical grouts
![Grouting methods Intrusion grouting Consists of filling joints or fractures with grout Grouting methods Intrusion grouting – – Consists of filling joints or fractures with grout](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h/1169cd950bda191270e03c145088908d/image-22.jpg)
Grouting methods Intrusion grouting – – Consists of filling joints or fractures with grout Primary benefit is reduction in hydraulic conductivity Used to prepare foundation and abutments for dams Usually done using cementitious grouts Permeation grouting – – Injection of thin grouts into the soil Once the soil cures, becomes a solid mass Done using chemical grouts Used for creating groundwater barriers or preparign ground before tunneling
![Grouting methods Compaction grouting When lowslump compaction grout is injected into granular Grouting methods • Compaction grouting – When low-slump compaction grout is injected into granular](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h/1169cd950bda191270e03c145088908d/image-23.jpg)
Grouting methods • Compaction grouting – When low-slump compaction grout is injected into granular soils, grout bulbs are formed that displace and densify the surrounding loose soils. – Used to repair structures that have excessive settlement
![Grouting methods Jet grouting Developed in Japan Uses a special pipe with Grouting methods Jet grouting – Developed in Japan – Uses a special pipe with](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h/1169cd950bda191270e03c145088908d/image-24.jpg)
Grouting methods Jet grouting – Developed in Japan – Uses a special pipe with horizontal jets that inject grout into the ground at high pressures – Jet grouting is an erosion/replacement system that creates an engineered, in situ soil/cement product known as Soilcretesm. Effective across the widest range of soil types, and capable of being performed around subsurface obstructions and in confined spaces, jet grouting is a versatile and valuable tool for soft soil stabilization, underpinning, excavation support and groundwater control.
![Stabilization using admixtures Most common admixture is Portland Cement When mixed with Stabilization using admixtures • Most common admixture is Portland Cement • When mixed with](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h/1169cd950bda191270e03c145088908d/image-25.jpg)
Stabilization using admixtures • Most common admixture is Portland Cement • When mixed with soil, forms soil-cement which is comparable to a weak concrete • Other admixtures include lime and asphalt • Objective is to provide artificial cementation, thus increasing strength and reducing both compressibility and hydraulic conductivity • Used to reduce expansion potential of clays • Used in surface mixing applications
![Reinforcement Soil is stronger in compression than in tension To improve strength Reinforcement • Soil is stronger in compression than in tension • To improve strength](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h/1169cd950bda191270e03c145088908d/image-26.jpg)
Reinforcement • Soil is stronger in compression than in tension • To improve strength in tension, geosynthetics placed in soil for soil reinforcement
![Reinforced earthwall construction Reinforced earthwall construction](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h/1169cd950bda191270e03c145088908d/image-27.jpg)
Reinforced earthwall construction
![Soil Nailing The fundamental concept of soil nailing consists of reinforcing the ground Soil Nailing • The fundamental concept of soil nailing consists of reinforcing the ground](https://slidetodoc.com/presentation_image_h/1169cd950bda191270e03c145088908d/image-28.jpg)
Soil Nailing • The fundamental concept of soil nailing consists of reinforcing the ground by passive inclusions, closely spaced, to create in-situ a coherent gravity structure and thereby to increase the overall shear strength of the in-situ soil and restrain its displacements.
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